مددكاري اجتماعي

Human Resource Development

Process of communication:-

Source – Encode-Transmission – media – reception – decoding – action / feedback

Encoding – oral, verbal, written

Decoding – understanding process

Barriers of communication:-

1. Human or Personal Barrier

2. Semantic Barrier

3. Technical Barrier

1. Human or Personal Barrier :- Emotions, mode, psychology perpetual variations or competences.

2. Semantic Barrier:- Problem of language, symbols, wrong spelling.

3. Technical Barrier:- Geographical distance, mechanical failure, physical obstructions technological mal functions, concrete obstacles, time lines.

Personal Barriers, Physical barriers, Psychological, semantic barriers.

Some of the reason for barriers

Ø Climatic condition a company’s climate

Ø Fear or fear of being misinterupted

Ø Criticism

Ø Poor supervision

Ø Lack of confidence.

Ø Mechanical barriers etc.

Removal of communication barriers:

Ø Identify and analyze the barriers

Ø Top management for need or communication.

Leadership:- Leads or shows the way for other, who is confident, guide, philosopher, creator, decision making.

Definition:- A leader can be defined as the relationship in which one person on leader influences others to work together on related to attain that which the leader desire.

2. Leader is that outstanding aspects of management which manifest ability creativity, initiative and inventive and which gains the confidence, co-operation and willingness of the people to work by organizing and building individuals morale.

Leaders Function:-

Ø Filling the gaps in organization design

Ø Adaptation in changing

Ø Unity in diversity

Ø Facilitation of personal goal attainment

Manager function:-

Ø Planning & bud gelling

Ø Organizing & stabilizing

Ø Controlling & problem solving

Ø Leader should be a planner

Classification:-

1. Beurocrate 2. autocrate 3. diplomat 4. experts

1. Beurocrates :- follow rules, forms,

Disadvantages :- no flexibility. Eg. I A S Officer (I am safe) no favouratism.

2. Autocrate:- Auto, self.

3. Diplomat:-

4. Experts:- specialist, specific job.

Positive leader:- Manage well, patience, guide

Negative leader:- pressure on you, threaten.

GROUP DYNAMICS OR SMALL GROUP

A group is two or more people having common interest or common objectives. They communicate with one another after face to face over a span of time.

SCHEIN:- Prescribes 3 condition which any no. of persons to be called a group should satisfy the 3 conditions or

1. people must intact with one another

2. they must be psychologically aware of one another

3. they should perceive themselves to be a group.

Theories of group:-

Interactions

Sentiment Activity

Stages of group:-

1. Orientation:- People have already started associating with are another & deriving satisfaction from interactions. But at time when they meet they are not sure of the purpose for which they are meeting but they have already developed some degree of mutual acceptance and trust worthiness and faith in one another.

2. Conflict & challenge:- Despite various questions being discussed some doubts continue to linger on either because some members are un convinced on certain issues or straight answers are not available you some questions. The attempt to develop a place for themselves and offence the development of group norms and soles.

3. Cohesion:- By the time a group reaches the 3^rd stage it has already resolved authority and power issue. Members have worked to their differences and agreed upon a continuing structure for the group. Member attention is directed to self motivation and the motivation of other group members for the task accomplishment.

4. Delusion:- This is a pleasant stage in deep where member because of mutual acceptance and trust believe that way thing with the group is OK. Though there are unanswered question that significant people no longer exist despite the fact that they do interpersonal conflict in the stage are ignored. Some groups continue to learn & developed from their experience, there by improving their efficiency and effectiveness.

5. Disillusions:- As the group in cohesive members perform their assigned task but when persistent doubts or glossed over, member attitudes are hardened & the staring in the faces. The “buble” soon bursts and group effectiveness shows little improvement as interpersonal problem crop up.

6. Acceptance:- In this final stage of deep the group has become a mature, effective, efficient & productive. The group has successfully worked through necessary into personal task & authority issues. It is now characters by a clear purpose or mission a well understood ret of norms of behavior a high level of cohesion & a clear but flexible status structure of leader – follow relationship. Now they openly discuss this problem to resolve their difference for mutual good.

Types of Groups

Formal & Informal Group.

Characteristics

Formal

Informal

1. Origin

2. Purpose

3. Authority

1. It is deliberate & land

2. It serve as a means to formal end.

3. Authority is given by institution & if given to positions

1. It is volunteous spontaneous.

2. Social satisfaction.

3. Authority is given by people it is given by authority is informal for as to be earn from member of the group.

Motivation:- According to SCOTT – “motivation means a process of stimulating people to action & accomplish desired goals.

Fredick Herzbug – Theory of work motivation maintenance theory of motivation.

· Motivational factor

· Hygine or maintenance factor.

Motivation factor:-

· Achievement - recognition – advance – working – expansibility.

· Hygine & Maintenance – company policy and advance

Motivation:- Move desired from “Latin word” action, motives, desires, goals, strives – synonyms.

A motivation is a inner state that energies activities or moves & directs or channels behavior towards goal. It is the stimulation of any emotion or derives operating upon ones will & promoting or deriving it to action motivation is a will to work.

Classification:-

Basis of playfulness secondary basis, getting into power. Status or prestige – security motives – life avidents.

Process of motivation:-

Goal

Behavior

Need desire expectation

Feedback

Techniques of motivation

Financial, non-financial, status & pride, competition, delegation of authority participation, job security, job enlargement, job rotation, job loading, job enrichment.

Maslow Need Priority Model

Physiological need - safety need, security, stability

Love, social affiliation, membership on need of belonging.

1. Esteem Need:- self esteem need, public esteem need.

2. Need for self actualization or self fulfillment on self realization.

1. Physiological needs are the needs of the human body. They are basic to preserve human life for Eg:- food, clothing, shelter, sex & other essentials of life. Without the reasonable satisfaction of which nobody can function normally. Any other need will become prep tent only if these psychological need are at least partially satisfied.

2. Safety need:- This is the 2^nd order need for security. This implies provision against the deprivation of the basic psychological needs. In case of danger of attack from our neighbours we must provide for our safety. If there is a fear of falling ill, being retrenched or rendered unemployed etc.,

3. Love needs:- It is a natural desire on the past of every individual to belong to a group which loves him. This group consist of a few individual who have some commonalities and a member of the group is able to unhesist actively share his problems with other members who are close to him. This may happens in the family or the work organization on else where.

4. Esteem Need:- Esteem need are divided into 1. Self esteem 2. public esteem.

1. Self esteem means esteem in the eyes of the self i.e. an inner feeling that one is doing some-thing worth while. It is the desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for confidence, confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom.

When an indi is himself satisfied about the task relevance he looks for esteem in the eyes of others i.e. public application, praise, admiration or public applause. It is a desire for reputation on prestige, recognition attention, importance or appreciation a highly competitive environment has thrown up a big challenge for the for the attention of talented people with them.

4. Need for self actualization:-

Self actualization need means becoming what you want, becoming what one is capable of. It implies an opportunity for the fullest expression of ones personality. Self actualization is the persons motivations to transform his perception of self into reality. A painter must paint a sings must sing and a teacher must teach. If he is to be ultimately happy.

Assessment of need theory:-

1. There are some people in whom self esteem seems to be more important than love. This reversal in the hierarchy occurs where a strong a powerful person seeks self anertion as a means to an end that is love.

2. Some creative people inspite of the lack of basic satisfaction may attain self actualization.

3. In certain people the level of aspiration may be permanently deadened or lowered because of prolonged experience of life at a very low level. In a case of chronic unemployment one may continue to be satisfied for the mrest of his life if only one caught enough food. This explains the lack of ambition and initiative among people in under developed socities.

4. Some people mayn’t have love needs because they have been starved for love in this early childhood.

5. When a need has been satisfied for a long time we are likely to under estimate its importance in the face of the presently activated need. After we hear people saying myself respect. When a person starts for 6 month his willing to take his job back at the cost of losing his self respect.

6. We must also admit that there are many determinants of behavior other than need and desire. Therefore the behavior of the person mayn’t be wholly linked with his needs and desire.

7. Another expectation comes from what maslow calls as increased fluctuation tolerance. Through early gratification people who have been satisfied is their basic needs throughout there lives seem to develop an exceptional power to with stand the present or future thwarting of these needs. Similarly person who have been accustomed to relative starvation for a long time are partially enabled there by to withstand food deprivation.

MG GREGOR THEORY X & THEORY Y

Theory X:- (Developing Countries) There is a conventional on traditional view of motivation was based on a ret of assumption regarding human behavior. The might believed that the productivity of a worker could improve through an monitary incentives in their obsession with efficiency. They wholly neglected the human ride of an enterprise. The organization structure that developed the policies the practices, the programs they preserved all reflected these kind of philosophy the assumption are as follows:

1. The management organization factors of production in the interest of economic ends.

2. management directs, motivates and controls people’s behavior to fit the need of the organization.

3. In the absence of these interventions by the management people would be passive and even resistant. They need therefore to be persuaded, rewarded, punished, controlled & directed & the average man is by nature indolent self unlearned, in difference to the organizational needs rest ant to change and gullible he lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility prefers to be led.

Theory Y:- (Developed Countries) assumption are as follows:

1. management organizes factors of production in the interest of economic ends.

2. People are not by nature passive or resistant organization needs.

3. People possesses the potential for develop. The capacity for assuming responsibility & the readiness to direct behavior towards organization goals. They are motivated it is for the management to provide them the opportunity to demonstrate all this.

Management should create conditions such that people can achieve their own goals in the best possible manner by directing their own efforts towards the organization objective.

The India can be facilitated through decentralization & delegation, job enlargement participative & consultative management permitting India to set objectives and periodically evaluating themselves in terms of those objectives popularly known as management by objective (MBO).

PERSONALITY:-

Personal – Mask Actor

ID – Child – Pleasure

Ego-

Superego –

Personality can be obtained from heredity, brain, physical feature, family and social .

1. Biological factor

2. Temperament, interest character, motives

3. situational factor (situational factor changes is personality)

ID:- the id is the source of psycho energy and seeks immediate gratification for biological or instructure need freed believed that instincts could be clarified under life instance & health instance life instance are hunger, threst, & sex. The energy involved in this is the libido. The id would proved unchecked to satisfy motives particularly the renual relations & pleasures where it is not for the channeling activity into acceptable ways by the ego. As a India matures he learns to control the id but even than it remains driving forces thought life and an important source of thinking & behaving.

Ego:- The ego is the conscious and logical part of the human personality and it is associated with the reality principle while id represents the unconscious part ego is conscious about the of the external environment. The ego keeps checked through intellect and reason.

Superego:- The superego represent social and personal norms and serves as an ethical constraint on behavior. It can best be described as the conscience. The superego provides norms to ego to determine what is wrong or right. However a person is not aware of the working of the superego and conscience is developed by absorption of cultural values and norms of the society.

Personality in HRD:-

Job specification, recruitment & reelection, introvert, extrovert, ambivort. Training & development compensation.

TRAINING

Workshop

Seminar

Communication

Skill development

Capacity building

Training:- learning a new skill, training leads to develop hearing – knowing things, becoming aware off.

Capacity building:-

BN – Business need

ITN – Identify training need

STN – Specifying training needs

TTN – Translating training needs into action

PTT – Planning the training

ET – Evaluating training

1. BN – Business need :- What are the performance needs what are best met by training

1. What precisely is the performing gap?

2. What are the training discussion?

3. What are the training plan?

4. Development & delivery

5. In the training effective in business needs.

2. ITN – Identify training need:- Human development resources succession planning, critical incidence management information system (MIS) performance appraisal system, examine non training options.

3. STN – Specifying training needs:- preparing job specification and analyzing the performance gap.

4. TTN – Translating training needs into action:- Deciding on formal or informal training preparing training specifications, deciding to make a buy training, choosing a long supplier.

5. PTT – Planning the training:- Assembling and prioritizing information, preparing and monitoring training plans.

6. ET – Evaluating training:- Collecting, analyzing and presenting data for reaction level on spot, immediate level, intermediate level, ultimate level, cost bar benefit.

7. BN:- Systematic scan.

Training is an act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an employee for doing a particular job. It is a short term edition process and utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which employees learn technical knowledge and skill for a definite purpose difference between training and development.

Difference between training and development:-

Area

Training

Development

Content

Purpose

Duration

For whom

Technical skill & knowledge

Specific job related

Short term

Mostly technical & non-managerial personal.

Managerial & behavioral skill & knowledge

Conceptual & general knowledge.

Long term

Mostly for managerial personnel

Difference between training & edition

Area

Training

Edition

Orientation

Emphasis

Learning

Scope

Payment

Application

Technical

On the job and of the job

Specific task

Trainees is paid to lear

Theoretical conceptual

Technical and general

Class room

General concept

Students will pay to learn.

Need for change:-

1. To match the employee specifications with the job requirements and the organization s.

2. organizational viability and transformation process.

3. technological advances.

4. organizational complexity.

5. human relation

6. change in job management.

Others needs are as follows:

· increased productivity improve quality of product / service.

· Help a company to fulfill its future personal needs.

· Improve organizational climate

· Effect the personal growth.

· Minimizes the resistant to change

· Prevents obsolescence

Assessment of training:-

1. organizational analysis

2. departmental analysis

3. job/ role analysis.

4. man power analysis

Group of organizational analysis

Individual analysis

1. organizational goal & objective

2. personal / skill inventories

3. organizational climate indices

4. efficiency indices

5. exist interview

6. MBO (management by objective) on work planning system.

7. TQM – quality circles

8. customer survey / satisfaction data

9. consideration of current & projected change.

1. performance

2. work sampling

3. interview

4. questionnaires

5. attitude survey

6. training progress

7. rating seals

8. observation of behavior.

1. Determining the immediate needs:-

a. evaluate current training programs list and analyze short falls in the process or products.

b. Survey all the aspects of the operations of an enterprise to determine where additional training is required.

2. Determining the long range training programm

3. For the training requirement (of the premises on the premises)

4. Summarizing training needs of the premises progress (develop objectives, prepare contract specifications, evaluate proposals & select contractions).

5. For in house program: develop objectives & guidelines following the procedure led on for the purpose.

Job & organizational analysis

Procedure of Training:-

Update the programme

Evaluate this results

Try out the trainees performance

Performance evaluation of training objectives

· To check effectiveness of training

· To improve performance of employees on the job

· To ascertain how for the training is useful to improve career prospects of indi employees in the organizational

· To identify the deficiencies of training for the purpose it is intended in order to incorporate additions to the training programme

· To identify unnecessary aspects in the training for the purpose of deleting such things from the training programme

· To improve cost effective of training programme

Four factors comparison method:-

· Reaction – employees reaction to training programme is obtained by opinion surveys method

· Learning – an attempt is made to asses

· Behavior – here the trainees behavioral pattern is examined carefully after his training programme for the purpose of evaluating whether there are changes in his behavior in the job compared to the period before the training was imported.

· Results – Whether the trainee have lease the skill & knowledge intended to be imparted through training programme.

Results:- This is the method of evaluating attributes of performance which can be directly related as a result of training (productivity of finished goods etc.)

2. Three factor comparison method:-

a. Cost factor:- In this method the cost of training is computed which involves training cost on man, materials, training aids which might include rentals, salaries, cost of stationary and other consumables which are directly and indirectly involved in importing training based on the total out lay “cost per training is estimated & compared”.

b. Change factors:- Here a comparison is made on knowledge, skill, or attitude of a trainee has he possessed both before and after the training changes are reared on performance and behavioral factor on aspects. Figure are measure by conducting pre-test and post test.

c. Impact factor:- This factors measures the change of results before and after training on aspects rich as productivity, rejection rates, no. of accidents, no. of defects etc.,

3. Test & Re-test method:-

The trainees are given a test to ascertain the level of knowledge and skill possessed by them. A comparison of test scores during test and retest will give the effectiveness of training.

4. Pre-Post performance test method:-

In this method each trainee is evaluated of his performance on the job before the training programme is initiated the trainees performance is analyzed. This is called pre performance test.

After completion of training programme the same trainee is again subjected to another similar performance test. This is post performance test. The change in the rating for pre & post test is an indication of effectiveness of training programme.

5. experimental – control group testing method:-

This is the most accurate of all other methods of qualuation. In this method 2 groups have been established as follows:-

1. control group

2. experimental group

These groups are selected in such a way that they are identical and comparable as to knowledge, skill & attitude and both are evaluated on actual job performance. There are 3 types of test design.

1. Simple Post test design:- In this case after the training is imported to the experimental group both the groups are subjected to evaluation by testing them on their performance on the job of there is significant difference it is an indications of effectiveness of training.

2. Pre-test post test design:-

In this case both the group are rejected to performance test before the commencement of training programme later training was imported to the experimental group after completion of training once again both the groups are rejected to performance test on the job.

3. The Solomon 4 group design:-

In this method the limitation of previous method are eliminated. This is the method of combination of sub group after pre and post test the sub groups will be analyzed and evaluated.

Follow Up:-

Objectives:- 1. to ensure that the trainee has learnt what he suppose to have learnt and that he had learnt correctly.

2. to ensure that trainee update his knowledge and skill continuously so that he doesn’t lag behind the knowledge & skill on the area on subject.

Types of Training:-

1. On the Job:

· Appreintship

· Job instruction training (JIT)

2. Off the Job:-

· Lecture

· Conference

· Seminar

· Vestibule on training on team discuss on

· Stimulation training.

Apprentiship :- 2 – 5 years traditional way of learning – (technical line)

Internship:- for management ITI, engineering

· Vestibule training:- Class room training, artificial training.

· Case study:- 1880’s Christopher

· Program instruction

· T group training

· Re-training

· Role playing.

Programmed Instruction:- Training package breakdown of module info into pieces.

Group training:- training through audio visual broaches up grading the knowledge through.

Re-training:- training again to same indi.

Role playing:-

On the Job:- Job rotation, assignment.

INTELLIGENCE

Understanding ability, sharing ideas, adoptable ability, east learning, quick doing, quick thinking.

Intellectual:- out put of intelligence.

“Intelligence generally mean quick understanding. Fast learning, clever thinking quick doing on reacting, good memory, etc.,

Generally it is defined as nature of flexibility adjustment & versatility”.

Alfred Binet:- According to him it involves 3 characteristic qualities of ones behavior.

1. the tendency to take & maintain definite direction.

2. the capacity to make adaptation for the purpose of obtaining a desired goal for adapting for means to an end.

3. the power of Ex: the ability to evaluate the behavior with reference to objective reality. So intelligence involves comprehension, invention direction, & criticism.

Criticism will help to measure intelligence.

Spencer definition “ intelligence as the capacity of the organization to adjust itself to an increasingly complex environment”. So, Munn 1938 definition “it as a the capacity for flexible adjustment”.

Goddard 1946: definition “ as the degree of availability of one experience for the solution of immediate problem & anticipation of the future ones”.

Factors influence

1. bio chemical

2. socio-cultural parents carelessness

3. socio – economic status

4. regional urban – suburban root

5. environment

Emotional Quotient

· self awareness

· self control

· social awareness

· social skill

Emotional Quotient

Mayor and Salovey Model defines as the capacity to understand emotional information and to reason with emotions more specifically they divide emotional intelligence abilities into four areas in there four branch model.

1. The capacity to accurately pursue motions.

2. The capacity to use emotions to facilitate thinking.

3. The capacity to understand emotional meaning and

4. capacity to manage emotions.

Golemans 5 emotional competences

1. The ability to identify & name ones emotional states and to understand the link between emotions, thought & action.

2. The capacity to manage ones motional states to control emotions or to shift undesirable emotional states to more adequate ones.

3. The ability to enter into emotional state (at will) associated with a drive to achieve and be mass full.

4. The capacity to read be sensitive and influence other peoples emotions.

5. The ability to enter & sustain satisfactory inter personal relationship.

SPIRITUAL QUOTIENT

Tohara and land Marshall IQ primarily sloves logical mathematical and linguistic problems but EQ make us aware of our own and other motions, judges the situation we are in behave appropriately.

EQ allows us to ask if we want to be in that situation the 1^st place through question like

1. In any job giving fulfillment to seek.

2. Are my relations with other mutually satisfying.

3. what are my priorities in life what is the purpose of my existence.

So motivation has to create new situation if necessary the transformation power of the SQ distinquish it from IQ & EQ.

It determines our happiness and also our ability to utilize it.

Organizational behavior:-

Characteristic of a indi

Indi behavior – as effected by peoples abilities intelligence, personality, background and culture, gender, race.

1 – indi difference

2 – attitudes

3 – influence on behavior

4 – the judgement attribution theory

5 – orientation

- roles

Attitudes:- cause and manifestation

Influence on behavior:-

James & Sells:- Suggested that the key variables are:

1. Role characteristics such as conflicts and clashes.

2. Job characteristic such as autonomy and challenges.

3. Leader behaviors including goal emphasis and work facilitations

4. work group characteristics including co-operation and friendliness.

5. organizational policies that directly affect indi such as the reward system.

Judgement attribution:

Kelley (1967) has suggested that there are 4 criteria that we applied to decide whether behavior is attributable to personal rather than enternal situational causes.

Distinctiveness:- The behavior can be distinguished from the behavior of other people in similar situations.

Consensus:- If other people agree that the behavior is governed by same personal characteristics.

Consistency over time:- Whether the behavior is repeated.

Consistency over modality:- Whether or not the behavior is repeated in difference situations.

ORIENTATION TO WORK

OB (Organization behavior)

Organization behavior is the study of what people think feel and do in an around organization. Organization behavior researcher systematically study indi, team and structural characteristics that influences behavior within organization.

Emerging trend in organization behavior:-

1. Globalization

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1. changing work force

2. emerging employment relation

Employability the “New deal”. The employment relationship in which the job is a temporary event and employees are expected to continuously learn skills that will keep them employed in a variety of work activities.

Contingent work:- Any job in which the indi doesn’t have an explicit on implicit contract for long term employment or one in which minimum hours of work can vary in a non-systematic way.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Communication

· Business ethic

Evolution of HRD, History of HRD

Prof Len Adler 1969

Workers was treated as commodity. Based on sale and supply they used to pay. Job design.

CONCEPT EVOLUTION OF HRD

· Total commodity concept

· Factor of production

· Good will concept – rest room, medical facility

· Paternal concept – manager & leader was considered as father.

· Humanistic concept – psychological, social & economic factor.

· HRM – Human Resource Management

· HRD

Concept of HRD was given Prof Len Nadler 1969.

1^st organizational to start the HRD concept – L & T – 1975

1^st Government organizational start the HRD concept – BHEL – 1980

HR – skill, attitude, commitment, valve development is positive change.

Humanistic Concept

1. person can do wonders

2. involvement, trust, empower, collaboration.

3. FSFW (Find strength & find work)

4. International concept of need & aspiration

5. Try to encourage to for an indi

HRD concept is investment on the indi (fostering culture – worker should be treated as children of the organization)

Venkateshwar Rao.T

· Acquire and analyze the capability of an indi in present & future.

· Develop the general capability as an indi discover & exploit the inner strengths & weakness.

· Develop an organizational culture is which superior and nibordinate culture will be good.

OBJECTIVES OF HRD

Aims at development

1 – Capabilities of each employee’s as an indi

2 – capabilities of each indi in relation to his on her present role

3 – capabilities of each employee’s in relation to his / her expected future role

4 – the relationship between each employees and his / her employer

5 – Team spirit and functioning in every organizational unit.

6 – collaboration among difference unit of the organization.

7 – the organization over all health and self renewing capabilities organization culture.

Features of HRD

1 – HRD is a system

2 – HRD is a planned process

3 – HRD involves development of competences indi, small group, big group (dept), organization.

4 – HRD is an interdisciplinary approach. Sociology, psychology, anthropology & economics.

5 – HRD improve the quality of life.

PERFORMANCE

3 steps in performance appraisal

1. Identification:- Means determining what area of work the manager should be examining when measuring performance eventually focusing on the performance that effects organization success.

2. Measurement:- Managerial judgement of how good or bad employee performance was.

Management:- Appraisal should be more than a post mortem examination of past events. Criticizing or praising worker for their performance is the preceding year instead it must take a future oriented view of what workers can do to realize their potential.

Features of P.A.

The appraisal system is a systematic process involving 3 steps.

1 – selling a work standard

2 – Assessing employees actual performance relative to this standards.

3 – offering feedback to employees and eliminate deficiency.

Objectives of PA

1 – fulfilling the needs & aspirations of an indi

- compensation benefits on merit basis

- fringe benefits

2 – promotion decisions

3 – training and development programs

4 – feed back

5 – personal developments

Who will appraise?

1. supervisors :- directly concerned with the workers

2. subordinates:-

3. peers:-

4. Selfa:-

5. Use of service – customers

6. consultants:-

Process:

1. Establishing performance standard

2. Communication the standard

3. Measure actual performance

4. Compare actual performance with standards and discuss the appraisal

5. Taking corrective action if necessary.

Methods

1. Indi method

a. confidential report about the indi

b. essay evaluation:- detailed report about the indi

c. critical incident techniques

d. checklist method: Questionnaire type. Answer should be yes or no. specific evaluation

e. Graphic rating scale:- measuring the performance with a graph.

f. behaviorally anchored rating scale:- Blending of graphic rating critical incidence technique.

g. management techniques.

2. Multiple personal evaluation techniques:- a. Ranking method

FUNCTIONS OF HR MANAGER / DEVELOPER:-

1. Role analyst:-

2. HR Planning:- planning present & future need of HR

3. Recruitment:- Searching prospective employees by employer based on the future need recruitment is carried on.

4. Selection:- selecting an indi is based on his qualification, skill, ability, experience

5. Placement: Placing right person for right job

6. Induction & orientation:- Introducing the organization to the indi

Orientation:- Rule, regulation, policies, how organization is working.

7. training:- training the newly joined employed

8. management development:- training given to the executives or management

9. performance appraisal:-

10. carrer planning & development:-

11. organization development:- overall development of the organization in long term basis.

12. compensation: welfare measure according to legislation. Which is monitory. There is also non-monitory.

13. social & cultural program:- Fun officer.

14. workers participations in manangement:-

· Future trend is partnership concept.

· Opportunity for creativity for all which gives a recognition to them.

· Equal treatment for all, ideas will be shared equally.

15. Quality of work life or quality circle:-

16. Employees counseling:

17. Team work:-

· Having a specific role

· Co-operation & co-ordination.

18. Communication policy:-

Communication gap will effect the work force.

19. Greviance mechanism:-

ORGANIZATION CULTURE AND CLIMATE

According to compbell “organization” culture is concerned with how employees perceive the basic character like indi, structure, reward, conflict and considerations organization has a unique and distinct culture of its own. Therefore one organization can be distinguish from other in terms of culture.

FOREHAND CLIMBER has defined organization climate as a set of characteristics that describes an organization.

a. distinguish one organization from other

b. or relatively enduring over a period of time.

c. Influence the behavior of people in the organization.

According to Bowditch and Buono

Organization culture is concerned with the nature of believes and expectations about organization life while climate is an indicator of whether those beliefs expectations are being fulfilled.

Factors (How policy and principle will effect the indi)

· Organization contacts

· Structure formal / structure informal

· Process: overall process. DM communication

· Physical environment: Infrastructure, safety, health measures

· System, valve and norms.

HRD

HRD macro level – people develop for nation over all deep of nation.

Micro level – P.A.OD, MP plan, T &D. OD helps for economic deep of nation.

Training & Development

Steps in training program:

1. discovering or identifying training needs.

· Organization analysis

· Operational analysis

· Manpower analysis

a. Task description analysis

b. Determining training needs.

2. Getting ready for the job.

3. Preparation of the learner

4. Presentation of operation & knowledge

5. Performance layout

6. Follow-up.

Training policy:

Training material:

Methods of training:-

Depends on no. of persons to be trained

· The organization in which they should be trained.

· Object for the before the time to be

Training method:-

1 – Telling method

2 – Showing method

3 – Role playing method

4 – Discussion method

A. Apprentiship training:

B. On the job training

C. Class room training impart theoretical knowledge lecture & trainer- trainees

D. Vestibule training:-

Integration of on the job & off the job training.

E. Collaborative training:-

Theory & practical on the job :- Educational institute, Industrial organization.

F. Promotion training:-

G. Program training:- Programmed text material

H. Sensitivity training:- ‘T’ group on lab training changing attitude & behavioral pattern, weakness, emotions / behavior.

I. Simulation:- Duplication of actual condition vestibule training are of business Eg: Acronatical industry.

Training Evaluation:- Find out the ability of the participants

Why training fails.

HR information System

1. identification

2. other personal info:- a. job inform

3. organization - job families

4. occupation history - competence

5. Salaries & benefits - cooperate culture

6. hours

7. benefits elegibility

8. Performance assessment

9. qualification

10. Training received

11. competences

12. deep plans

13. medical history

14. absents.

Quality of work life

Humanization of work : According to Hersick Maccoby

· principle of security

· principle of equity

· principle of individuation

· principle of democracy.

According to Walton

1. Adequate and faci compensation

2. Safe and healthy working condition

3. Immediate to use and develop human capacity.

4. Opportunity for continued growth and security.

5. Social integration in the working organization.

6. constitutionalization in the work organization.

7. work and total life span.

8. The social clearance of work life.

Job enrichment

MOTIVATION

· Integral part of process of directions

Motive – motives are expressions of person’s needs.

· Motivate indi to achieve organization & indi goals.

· Process in which the indi is given opportunity to satisfy this need by pursuing certain objectives.

Objectives of motivation

Create a condition in which people are willing to work with zeal, initiative & interest, enthusiasm, loyalty, discipline, responsibility.

Factor – need satisfaction

Types of motivation:-

Positive motivation :- increased motive satisfactory

Negative motivation :- decreased motive satisfactory

1. Positive orientative motivation:- Reward - based on

Ilippo:- “Positive motivation is a process of attempt to influence others to do you well through possibility of gain or reward”.

Incentive 4 P – Praise / prestige / promotion pay

· Praise & credit

· Competition

· Participation

· Approach

2. Negative Motivation:- based on force or fear.

· Demotion

· Transfer

· Punishment

· Maladaptive behavior

· Lower production

3. Extrinsic Motivation:- pay, promotion, funge benefits, retirement plans, health insurance scheme, holiday, vacation etc.,

· Economical motivation – money – wage & salary

· Non economic motivation – leave with pay – psyclic rewards, swards of chanced portion.

· Job enlargement

· Job rotation

· Job enrichment

· Job security – participation

· Status & pride – delegation of authority

· Competition – congenial work environment

Job satisfaction

Job satisfaction is the result of various attitudes the employee holds towards his job towards factors.

3 theories

· Herzbergs motivation hygiene theory

· Need fulfillment theory

· Social reference – group theory

Determinants of Job satisfactory

According to Abran A Kowman

1. Organization variables:-

· Occupation level

· Job content

· Considerate leadership

· Pay & promotional opportunity

· Indication and the work group.

2. Personal variable

· Age

· Education

· Sex

Quality circle

Motivational technique group of 4 – 10 employ same department meeting weekly.

COMMUNICATION

Latinword communication – means common.

A process of transmitting ideas a through from one person to another intended for the purpose of creating an understanding in the thanking of the person communication.

Important of communication

Chester Bernard communication as the 1^st function of a management.

Function of communication

According to Thayer:-

1. Information function

2. Command or instructive form

3. Persuasion function

4. Integrative function

· Upward function

· Downward function

· Horizontal function

Process of communication

Organization Communication

1. Formal communication official, operation of the organization, oral or written.

2. Informal communication social

Group Dynamics

Types of group:

1. Formal:- 1. command group

2. task group

3. permanent function group

4. temp function group

2. Informal :- 1. interest group

2. friendship group

3. membership group

4. reference group

Primary group

Secondary group

Characteristics

1. membership in the group

2. emergent leadership

3. formal hierarchy

4. group has some activity or task to perfect

5. interaction

6. group norm

7. group co-

8. member satisfaction.

LEADERSHIP

Napolean said that there were never bad solder only bad officer.

Peter F Deucker:- Leadership is the lifting of man’s vision to higher sights, the rairing of man’s performance to a higher standard, the building of mains personality beyond its normal limitation.

Functions of a leader

· achieving organization goals (planning, policy making).

· Expert, repumtature of his group, no to vator.

Approaches

· Traits approaches :-

a. physical qualities

b. moral qualities

c. mental qualities

d. knowledge qualities

e. initiative qualities

· Behavioral:-

a. motivation

b. authority

c. supervision

d. autocratic

e. democratic

f. freerain

· Situational approaches:- “Success is a bastard. It has many father. Failure is orphan nobody own it”.

OB

· OB is concerned with the study of human behavior at work.

· Study & application of knowledge about how people, a indi, group behave in an organization.

According to LUTHANS OB is directly concerned with the understanding, predictor & control of human behavior in organization.

Group Dynamics

Organization group:- “Unity in strength” “united we stand divided we fall”.

Reason for farming group in organization:-

· Security

· Esteem

· Application

· Power

Factors influencing group behavior

· Group norms

· Group cohesion – degree to which the members are attracted to each other.

· Group role

· Inter group behavior

· Inter group conflict

· Group decision making

PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

Latin word personal – Mart action role.

· Type theory :- body buil

Psychological character

· Trait:- Indi intelligence , emotion, creativity, personality inventory rating scale

· Psychoanalytic theory: Independent study of indi ice buy & water – conscious - unconscious

· Social learning theory:- Behavior is learnt on modified . permanent change learning – In presence – observing.

· Self theory :- CAL ROGERS Indi subjective express felling

DETERMINANTS OR PERSONALITY

1. Heridity

2. environment

3. family

4. social

5. situation.

MOTIVATION

Kootz and O Donnell

“Motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of chives, wishes and similar forces that induce an vidi or a group of people at work”.

Training & Deep

Michael Armstrong:- “The systematic deep of the knock, skill, attitude require by an indi to perform adequately a given task.

Flippo “ The act of increasing knowledge skill of an employee in doing particular job.

Objectives of T & D

· improving employee performance

· updating employee skill

· avoiding managerial obsolesce

· preparing for promotion and managerial succession.

· Retaining & motivating employee.

· Creating an efficient & effective organization.

Types:- 1. Induction orientation training 2. Refresher training

3. Apprentuship 4. Internship.

Areas of training:-

· Company policies & procedure

· Skill based training

· H.R.training

· Problem solving training

· Managerial & temporary training.

On the Job Training:- Real job enero, actual wore situation, get hands on experience

Potential appraisal

Strength , competency resource various

1. aptitude test

2. achievement test

3. situational test – group discussion

4. Interest test

5. personality test – objective test – subjective

Objectives of potential test

· Promotion

· Prepare employee for advancement

MOTIVATION

Nature of motivation

1. Unending process

2. psychological concept

3. The whole indi is financial

4. Financial or non-financial

5. Frosted man can’t be motivation

6. Motivation can be

7. Motivation & job satisfaction is difference.

+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه هفتم اردیبهشت ۱۳۸۸ ساعت 12:45 توسط محمد رضا ايرواني |

Moves the person to action.

Performance = ability X motivation

2 important motivation

· Mani utilization of factor of production

· Reduced absents

· Reduced labour turn over

· Availability of right

· Labour relation

Rewards:-

Motivational techniques

· Monitory incentives

· Job based technique

· MBO

· Leadership technique

· Sensitivity

Leadership

Success of business concern depends on leader.

Subordinate leader

Allen:- Leader is one who guides and directs other people.

Koontz O Donell:- Leader is generally definition as influence the art of process influence people so that they achieve structure willingly to achieve organization goal.

Important:-

· Perfect organization structure

· Directing group action

· Better utilization of manpower

· Avoiding

· Spirit of co-ordinal

· Fulfill social responsible

· Source of motivation

Theories

1. Traits theory :- leadership behavior is the sum total of traits.

2. Behavioral approach or theory: a. auto b. demo c. super

3. situational approach on theory

4. follower theory – acceptance theory

5. system theory on a path goal theory

Functions:-

· Initiative

· Representative

· Guide

· Encouraging others

· Planner

· Protection

· Mediation

· Planner

· Reward & punish

· Integration

· Communication.

Good leader

· Physical appearance & strength

· Emotional stability

· Sense of judgement

· Goodwill

· Motivation

· Communication skill

· Guiding ability

· Sociality

· Technical know

Types of leader

· Autocratic

· Intellectual leader

· Liberal leader

· Democratic

· Institutional leader

· Inducing leader

· Paternal leader

· Creature leader

Characteristics:-

· There must be follower

· Working relation follower & leader

· Personal quality

· Reciprocal

· Guidance related to particular situation

· Power

Leadership style

1. positive style:- industrial place

2. negative style

3. autocratic style

4. democratic style or participative

5. free seen style or laisser fair leader

Psychology scene of human behavior

· Personality:- lows of control

Risk taking

Self esteem

Type

· Perception

· Attitude

· Learning

· Motivation

Approach of OB

· Clam cal organization theory

· Neo – clamical approach

· System approach

· Modern organization theory

· Contingency theory

Group Dynamics

Reason for farming group

1. Security

2. Esteem

3. Affiliation

4. Power

Factor influencing group behavior

· Group norms

· Group cohesion

· Group role

· Inter group

· Inter group conflict

· Group DM

Personality theory:-

· Type theory

· Trait theory

· Psycho analytical

· Social leaving theory

· Self

Determinants:-

· Heredity

· Family

· Social

Human Resource Management

Urban system is also known as urban community. Urban community life represents city life. A city is defined as a “limited geographic area inhibited by a large & closely settled population having many common interests & institutions under a local government authorized by state” – Haward Hunston.

A.F.Webber “in his growth of cities defined city as an incorporated place iwht a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants with relatively large dense permanent settlement of society heterogenous individuals”.

“The principal criteria of urban society or population is that it engages in different kinds of occupation & plays on important role in every life of individuals: - Sorokin & King.

Characteristics of urban community

1. Social heteroginety:- An urban society is human. It is a charge of diversity.

2. Secondary relations:- We see more superficial relationship

3. Anonymity of the city life:- Anonymity (namelessness)

4. Secondary control:- Because secondary relationship makes it complex

5. Large scale devision of labour & specification

6. Intense social mobility

7. Individualization

8. Voluntary assignment

9. S. Tolerance

10. Unstable family

Social Work With Urban Community

Max Weber & Page write “an accident a lucky contract, missed, a changed life style, happy or unhappy forecast of life has revolutionized his prospects in a day”.

Social mobility refers to people ones. Status to another, fm lower status to higher status or fm poor position to rich position.

Characteristics of urban community

1. Individualization:- Individual stands alone against society (less conformist) don’t go according to one idea).

2. Voluntary association or secondary group.

3. Social tolerance :- accept everybody, develop some kind of patience. Very respect each other.

4. Heterogeinity:-

5. Spatial segregation:- Migration from rural areas leads to functional segregation in the city. One small place we find.

6. Unstable Families:- No longer traditional family.

How do you say Rural & Urban difference

· Secondary control – city

· Secondary relation

· Individual association

· Unstable family

· Systematic infrastructure

· Non-agricultural population

· Heterogeneity

· Technology

· Impersonality

· Town planning – corporation or municipality

· Social mobility

· Educational centre

· Industrial belts

· Density of population & size of population

· Rapid growth

· Dynamic life.

A city away from city – satellite city.

Rural Society

Urban Society

1. Homogenous unity & uniformity

2. Primary relations hospitable, generous simplicity, informal means of contact

3. Secondary control

4. Social movements is less

5. Ascribed status

6. Traditional, JF system

7. conservatives – women status – submission, passive, worked in field they connect line without family.

8. class conflict more

9. less stress on education.

1. Heterogeneity

2. Secondary artificiality, selfishness

Formal means

1. formal means control court, law

2. mobility is more

3. achievement status

4. unstable family

5. carrier consciousness of women empowerment equal with men, freedom, dual role to play, family & WK play

6. more dynamic

7. mass education, wide spread.

According to J.M.Queens internally the city operates as a spatially & socially integrated unit with in each sub-area trends to find it proper spatial relation with respect tot the other in which local outlet provide potential satisfaction for most basic needs of the people & in which of the residence participate in many aspects of a common culture” Thus residence of city live in similar social life.

Classification by some sociologist to urban community.

Gist and Halbert says “classified city as Jamshedpur production centre. Centre for trade & commerce, cultural centres, pol-capitals, health resorts, & diversified cities”.

Other than these cities are IT cities. – Bangalore & Hyderabad.

According to E.E.Martez. The classification of cities is made as difference Rajastan, Hariyan cities, commercial, manufacturing, pol- Religious, education, resort cities.

Introduction:-

Significance of study urbanization. Rapid growth, growth in expansion changes in industry & technology. We see corruption, crime, dis organization, building gap between rich & poor. All these factors highlight impure of needs urban community. We have to see how disorganization taking place.

Scope of study is to study all aspects of city life. Urban ecology population”, culture, urban behavior, urbanites.

Urbanization & economic development:-

City history & relation:-

Gist & Albert says, “like organize of the civilization itself the origin of city is lost in the obscenity of the past with the growth of human intelligent” physical civilization also grews with which the community being developed it is less in speed than in the past compared to modern times. It has more effect on urban society than rural life. Socialist called it as natural history. Community feeling of his man because of his culture.

Man trees to co ordinate with changing times gain of knowledge & application has helped him to see comports in life. This is universal Phenomena.

Domination of over central place is became Ist thing to city. More population, T & C etc.,

Keeping link with other commonly & this external thing 1 community have control over other.

Colonial city – socialist city & capital city. To maintain law & order.

Cities became more stronger where there was new thing was manufacture & which will ultimately had to the development of cities. (2 causes population & industrialization).

I. Urban problem, services & difference.

1. social, economic & environment problem

II. T & C, infrastructure, housing, health, education, drainage, roads, yoga & meditation, awareness programme, civil ability.

Conditions of urban area:-

Housing –

Urban poor – BPL

Problems & causes of urban pollution

Types of pollution – light pollution.

Waste management – medical waste, bio-degradable & non-bio degradable waste, industrial waste, plastic waste.

Urban Community Welfare:-

History:- Urban development community were taken up in 7 different projects:

1. welfare extension projects taken up CSWB

2. Delhi & Ahmadabad municipality with assistance of fort foundation

3. The TATA IRON & STEEL Co. at Jamshedpur.

4. Planning commission under samaj urban loka karya kshetra.

5. American Friend Service Committee in Baroda.

6. The Ministry of Health in Collaboration with state government & local municipalities as project B cities.

7. Service civil international & the swallows of Sweeden in slum areas of madras.

Doctor GangaRade evaluated the working of 2 Vikas Mandals of Delhi project and came to conclusion that only limited success to be achieved in fulfilling the objectives laid down by the schemes. These objectives of the scheme were as

1. To Foster the spirit of self help & co-operation among the developers in the areas.

2. To device ways re means to solve the local problems & to meet the local needs.

3. To propagate & share the ideas in the promotion of general welfare of the neighborhood & city.

4. To promote & foster civil consensus & a spirit of public service to ensure full & proper use of public properity & “available in the community.

Inspite of limitation & drawbacks such project where to be take up in the 7^th plan production.

There is an plan for basic services for poor was initiated on a pilot “in 1986 with the involvement of UNICEF & state governments. The aim of the programme was child survival & development provision for learning activities of women & children living in slums. The services to be delivered to the slum area follows:

1. Enthusiastic & sanitation

2. PHC, pre-school learning, vocational training & other social service activities at slum level. There was also a revised scheme of UBSS which included assistance to mentally retarded & handicap children, rehabilitation of alcoholics & drug addicts & special program for street children. It also helped in the formation of 1. co-operative of slum devellers at community level. 2. Enthuastic improvement of urbal slums (EIUS Schem) made an integral part of minimum needs program in 1974 & transport to state sector. The scheme was applicable to notified slums in all urban areas & aims at provision of basic amenities like mater supply, stores water drains, community bars & laterins, widening & paving of existing lanes & park ways & street light. During 7^th plan the scheme provided for a PC expenditure for scheme devellers & during 8^th plan the scope of EIUS was extended & ensured UBSP & NRY & Scheme of liberation of scanagers.

The program also assumed of providing territorial rights & evolving feesable recovery mechanism as one of the important pre-condition for success of programs in a years to come.

Urban Planning:- Utilizing Resources with minimum & planning for better society. It is a planned growth for urbanization fulfilling urban social needs & other facilities. 2 types:

1. Physical & 2. Social

1. Physical:- land acquisition, architects, making roads, town planning telecommunication, transportation, protection of land & rebuilding old section. School, hospital, playground, drainage & waste management.

Objectives of Urban planning:-

1. planned urban life.

2. shift slum & provide better facility

3. to improve transport and community facility

4. promote city clean, hygiene & sanitation.

5. to have good public services.

Plan for safe drinking water, street lights, disposal of waste – protect city from pollution, planning for burial ground, roads, individual belt, green belt.

Urban development:- Many sectors R to collaborate for its development, government, state central. Urban planning is part of development Integrated urban development, urban housing welfare – HUDCO, housing board, HDFC, Indra Avaz Yojana, MUDA -1984 to 1990. For every 1000 people 10 houses are provided for people. This project was spread over in 140 cities.

Housing Board:- buying land, occupying land & slum clearance. HB comes family insurance house & central board.

Slum clearance board started in 1973 with objective to help, labourers, poor people, help them to build houses & trying to get them minimum amenities.

Causes of Slums:-

· industrialization

· migration

· lack of effective implementation of policies

· poverty

· unemployement

· lack of housing facility

· illiteracy & ignorance

· over population

· lack of government facility

· lack of planning

· lack of awareness

· lack of availability of land

· lack of population will

· anti pol-acitivity.

Characteristics:

· over crowded

· poverty, gambling, over communicable disease,

If NGO works for slums:-

· Planning on the basis of economic & social survey

· Education

· Vocational training

· Formulating SHG

· Providing loans

· Awareness prof. Health camp

· Medical facility

· Encouraging urban distribution

· Women & child’s improvement

· Clean water drinking facilities

· Housing

· Bathrooms & toilets.

· Library facility

· Insurance

· Family planning

· Parks & play ground

· Bridge between government & society

· Small scale industries

· Electricity

· Drainage system

· Planting sampling

· Garbage disposal

· Rehabilitation of criminals

· Nutritious food

· Civic awareness

Consequences of Slums:-

· Increase population

· Illiteracy

· Unemployement

· Poverty

· Prostitution

· Unhealthy

· Child labour

· Dis organization

· So many diseases

· Lack of basic needs

· Juveniles

· Lack of leadership.

Slum clearance Board

School, freed food facility, health & hygiene organize societies, SHG, awareness program, rights & advocacies, library, medical, community hall.

Urban land policy:-

Urban development – Bal Bhavan – for children – Bhaygyalakshmi, mid-day meals, sarva shikshana abhiyana, school dropout less, regular attendance. 1960 children’s Act, prohibition of child labour Act, scholarship, free books, Samudayadina Shalege, Pratiba Karanji, Kali-nali, Tent school.

Youth policy 1986

NCC, NSS, Cultural, sports, adventure sports, NYK vocational training, hostels, cultural, programme, Yuva Dasara (Youth Fest), Rajiv Gandhi Yuvaka Sanga, SJSRYm RSSm ABVP, SFI, AIDSO, Yuvajana mela, important guarantee programme, YMCA, YWCA – young men Christian assignment, Young women Christian Assistant, Scouts & guides. Rotary & lions – youth forum, youth wing in all pol-parties. Home guards, scholarship. Family life education child line.

For uneducated youth:- RUDSET, JSS & NGO prohibition of alcohol, young offenders good interaction, drug control, continuing education, adult literacy, sakshrata.

Wealth education – ICTC, VCTC, counseling, urban community welfare centre. Eco-prof, service for physically – mentally handicap, co-operative society, organization working for environment control – corruption.

Women development:-

1. Mass marriage avoid dowry system, less expensive, hostels for working women, Rashtriya Mahila Kosha, Women & children welfare, employment programme, SHGs, Indira Mahila Yojana, Mahila Sahayanam, women help line, family counseling centres, reservation, Mahila Police Station, Women Police Station, Meternity benefit Act, Sexeal harrasement committee in industries, Act of infanticide, Voilence against women, Women atrocities at work place, Dowry prohibition act, property right, succession act, exception on taxes for women.

Age:- help line, concession in trains, medical facility, petitions register, insurance. Bank interest more, old age homes, free advocate services, pension, day care centre, security.

SJSRY:- Swarna Jayanti Sahari (Urban) Rojgar Yojana – 1997:

· SHG

· Self finance scheme micro credit

· Training & development

· Awareness programme

· Bore wells

· Community halls

· Continuous saving scheme

· Public work important scheme

· Local self government advantage – Zilla Panchayath (important)

· All project reach the people no inter mediaries.

· HUDCO, HDFC, 35 department come under Zilla Panchayath.

Corporate Sector – Urban development justify or answers

CSR – corporate social responsibility – helping government some of government running by this corporate.

Disadvantages:- slums, threat to local culture, Educational pollution gap between rich & poor, problem of transport, deplation of resource high cost of living, lack of education, exploitation of work force. Government has been involving out reach program. Corporate sector comes under companies act.

Educational policies:- stop mining, quering.

Government policies of regulation of fluent treatment is must, labour legislation, wage policy, welfare program, house, education, hospital.

Micro level & macro level small scale & large scale grass root level.

Social development – social change:- POL, ECO, & cultural. Social development is a comprehensive concept which implies major structural changes. That is POL, ECO, cultural which are important & transportation of society. Such efforts in improving social circulation namely housing, health, nutrition, training, employment, social security, social stability & social welfare.

Social development has been defined as micro strategy of planned intervention to improve capacity of existing social system to cope with demands of change & growth. Social development has basic objects. Social justice & human welfare. Justice that equitable distribution of physical objects, proper opportunities for mental. So & spiritual development. Availability of proper resources for development & equal opportunity in utilizing in available resources.

Social worker may be at any level in the social system condinum at the micro level working with individuals, families & GPs at the mid-level working with formal GPs & organization & at macro level working with community & society. Micro level intervention involves working with individuals separately in families or in small GPs. To facilitate changes in individual behavior or in relationship. Changes at this level focus on creating changes in individual functioning. In this social working strive to play the role of enable, modifier & educational manipulation.

To working with micro level clients social workers need to know about individual interpersonal, family as well as human development, social psychology, individual effects of education influence as a social workers it is carried on by using counseling skills & skills in crisis intervention. In the middle level intervention the focus of change is on GPS & organization themselves.

Here social worker takes a role of advocacy to bring about drastic change in community. Here both public & private corporations are involved. Social worker understand the determinants of social functioning of formal GPs & organization. At macro level intervention includes working with neighbourhood communities & societies to achieve social change. Macro system practice reflects social workers heritage of social reform that is the pursuit of social change to improve quality of life. Macro level practice reflects knowledge of community studies, values & skills in mobilizing the community for solving several problems & initiating solutions. Social workers here need to have the understanding of sociological & cultural aspects of primary & secondary GP also vulnerable & oppressed GPs in society. They must possess skills in taking corrective actions to ensure legal, civil & human rights.

Micro level – advocate – enabler / catalyst – counseling.

Mid – level – mediator – facilitator

Macro – level – activist – policies.

Project proposal:- Project proposal is there to solve the problems keeping objective & goals & write a project that will be proposal lates. Project is always keeping view to problem. Each NGO & funding Agency has its goals.

1. Introduction about organization.

2. whatever you are writing is should be true.

3. describe credibility, clear, transperant.

4. what actively you proposed.

· Area, beneficiary

· Duration

· Survey

· Problem

· Identification

· Need assessment

1. Introduction 1. clearly, concisely sunrise the proposal

2. 2. describe the applicants qualification or

credibility.

3. problem statement / need assessment 3. Document / need to be met or problems to be addressed by the proposed activities & or also specify the funds.

4. Goals / objectives & targets 4. what the programs aims to achieve giving specific & measurable results.

5. Strategies / activities 5. Des. the activities to be carried out to achieve the desired results.

6. Monitoring & evaluation M-on 6. Present a plan for tackling for project

Going process. Reviwing information process & determing the extent to which the

About progress being made in the objective are achieved.

Implementation of project. Evaluation

Effectiveness of particular program.

7. sustainability. 7. how the project activities / results will be maintained after the end of the project

8. Budget 8. Details of the project cost & proposed sources of finding.

Disaster:-

Calamities, unexpected situation, crisis.

2 types of disaster – man made & natural, nuclear explosion, fire, train accidents,

communal riots, naxalite food poisoning, deforestation, illicit liquor, gas tragedy, plane

hijacks, epidemic diseases, pot unrest.

A sudden accidents or catastrophy causes great damage or loss of life.

Natural – Floods – Tsunani, Earthquakes, volcanic eruption droughts, forest fire, cyclone, avalanche tides, land slides, Tornados, Hurricanes, lightening & thunder, Fogs, Heat water.

Disaster Management in urban community – Cricies – human life, property & 26% of land lost in draught.

Individual roles & responsibility:- Medical aid, reconstruction – social & physical.

Basic needs – Assessment – rehabilitation – protection – compensation – psychosocial rehabilitation - social reconstruction – motivation – accept the reality, [moral support – counseling, how to handle anxiety, pain] GP among themselves to help other.

Termination – withdraw for the place

Characteristics of healthy city:-

1. Fixed transit, preferably, rail, above & below ground subways along all major travel corridors buses on all secondary corridors.

2. Mixed – use mixed income neighbourhood.

3. Buildings of different age, condition & size.

4. living spaces every where especially near down town.

5. large or small public squares at all significant interactions.

6. lots of people coming & going [immigrants people moving from other places & people moving out to other cities].

7. Street trees & gardens for pleasure & to ameliorate temperature extremes.

8. Shops then on open onto the side walk all automobile parting is underground or in one particular place not between streets & shop.

9. Light rail or a rapid train connection to the airport.

1. Service rules should be amended

2. Disciplinary action should be made.

· Criminal complain to police

· Alternative mechanism

· Desplinary proceedings complaint committee president should be women & half of the part of committee should be women’s only.

Art. 14, equality to all Art.19-1 G. Fundamental right-right to work important. Art-21. right to live & liberty – convention right – seeda principles guidelines.

Definition:- They used to take action to these women’s against the case – employer.

2. Disciplinary proceedings:-

Otherwise against employees can be action take.

Definition:- Sexual harassment includes, unwelcome sexually determined behavior & sexually determined behavior – physical contact & advances. Contact advances a demand request for sexual, sexually colored remarks, showing phonography picture any other physical verbal, non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.

Consequences – voluntary, government, public, private women worker – reasonable oppression in the mind of women.

Preventive steps:- the guidelines against harassment has to be made big postures, booklet & exhibit in the cities re-places where more people stays.

PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE AND MEDICAL

SOCIAL WORK\ORIGIN

Early was medical social work started in the end of 19^th century (formally). The term medical social work was given late.

Social work :- (MSW & PSW) both are same but has few difference.

MSW – anything which is not in psychiatric in origin (aids leprocy cancer)

- neurological dino order, discase.

PSW – Mental illness

Genual doctor MSW

Medical degree - Professional degree

Prescribes medicine - deals with the people (knowledge of medicine and SW)

Ayurveda developed and 1^st started in India. Medical system – Ayurveda, homeopathy,

Ayurveda – Siddha

Practiced throughout India - Tamil speaking areas in ancient India.

Ayurved :-

Ayur – life – Vedas originated around 5000 B.C.

Veda - knowledge

“Google scholar

Preventive and social medicine – by park and park

Atharva Veda – Ayurveda was mentioned shusrutha

Atreya – was the 1^st teacher in Ayurveda.

Charaka wrote a book name

“Charaka Samhita” Medical knowledge was compiled in this book.

Dhanvantri – Hindu God of Medicine

MSW was been practiced in these peoples period.

Ayurveda was popular in Bhuddist

Period – Ashoka – Kanishka

Ashoka contributed greatly for sick people & poor. He also started public hospital & educational institution. The people who rendered service in this hospital was called as MSW

Kanishka period charaka was a court physician 500 drugs.

Susmtha:- 1^st Indian surgeon (Medical surgeon)

Book – Susrutha samhitha

Anatomy, pathology.

In Ayurveda period they gave important to tridosha to tridosha theory of disease humor.

1. Vata - wind

2. Pitta – Gall

3. Kapha – (MUCUS) –tridosha theory – if all the 3 is equilibrium he is free from disease.

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4 Humor in Greek medicine in west Greek prayed 4 Humor in west same as 3 Humor in India.

Because of the popularity of knowledge it is transmitted to Persian.

Amputation – removal of the part of the body completely.

MANU

‘Laws of Manu’ he is a controversial person. He spoke about personal hygine, how to lead a life with dignity and respect.

Harappa and Mohanjudaro:-

· Sanitation

· Water supply

· Engineering

Golden Age of medicine – 800 BC – 400 AD shrustha

Buddist empire – Due to invasion there was a set back. In bhuddist period due to “Ahimsa” surgery was effected progress deteriorated. Then came the professional

PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE

Prevents the disease 18^th century.

1. James Lind – Navel Surgeon

Scurvy – deficiency of vit C. 1753

Adviced in take fresh fruits & vegetables.

2. Edward Jenner : 1776 – Small pon – vaccination marked the beginning of preventure medicine.

SOCIAL MEDICINE:-

Neumann & Vinchow – said medicine is a social science – (1848)

Germ theory – Louis Pasteur – Vaccination for – he said disease is spread through Robies bacteria present in air. Till them disease was caused by fate, sin, supernatural power.

ROBERT KOCH:- Amthran – caused by bacteria. After this Germ theory was popular. People concentrated on Germs. Social medicine was popular only in 19^th century.

Cholra Di Ptheria anti (toxin) – harmful on poison – Anti typhoid

This period where the above medicine was discovered in bacteriology was called as golden period.

P.M. aims at promotion of good health. Yellow fever is called by Aids – Mosquito – Malaria.

End of 19^th century medicine was divided into 2 parts

1. Curative 2. preventive

1. Curative medicine – curing the disease treatment - R_x

Social, economic, environment factor was taken into consider. Early people believed only on Germ theory but now people thought of various other psychological factors-

Multi factorial causation – “Pettern Kofer” belong to Munich 1^st person who worked on multifactorial causation.

It was not much popular because most of them concentrated on bacteriology.

H₂O – purification

Food – covered, hygienic, sewage – life style and behavior – importance was given of individual.

Epidemiologists – worked on multifactorial causation

Epidemic – particular geographical area people are effected

Epidemiologist gave the term

· Risk factor – Eg: AIDS

· High risk factor – people who are more vulnerable to disease. Eg: diabetes.

DDT:- ‘Vector Borne’ disease

HCH – ATT – Anti turbo circle treatment

20^th century in preventive medicine

“scruning and Diagnosis” – lab test

1930’s – Blood test to identify cyphilis (STD)

X ray to identify Tuberculosis.

Through lab test we can come to know in which phase we are suffering.

Levels of prevention

1. Primary – Take care to see to it that disease is not effected.

2. Secondary – Awareness – I am already effected by disease and can be cured.

3. Tertiary:- Final stage several physical, psychological of disease problems. How best: can modify the family surrounding, collegue.

SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES

Preventive medicine occupies the place of medicine

Definition for “MODERN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE”

“Is the art & science of health promotion, disease prevention, disability, limitation and rehabilitation”.

SOCIAL MEDICINE

European specialist

· Nevmann Virchow – said medicine as a social science. Popularity was on Germ theory.

· 1911 Alfred Grotjahn (Berlin) Reviewed the important of S.M. He called it as “Social Pathology”.

· Geographical pathology – population – other names of social medicine.

1912 - Important of SM was spreading.

1912 , Rene Sand founded an association called Belgian social medicine association.

· JOHN Ryle :- He spread the concept of SM in England. He set up “ A Chain” – Oxford 1942.

All the disease is associated with social consequence, social reason, social therapy is also needed.

Social Medicine – “Treating as indi as a social being in his total environment with the fours on health of the community as a whole”.

Prof. Crew believes S.M. stands on 2 pillars

1. Medicine

2. sociology

Professor Mc. Keown:- SM has 2 meaning

1. Broad & ill defined

2. Restricted & precise

1. Case of patients which include Health & welfare

- prevention of disease

- administration of medical service

2. Body of knowledge embodied in epcomediology of medical care of society.

SM is not a branch of medicine. It is only a new orientation given to the medical knowledge in the society.

CONCEPT OF HEALTH:-

· “Absence of disease” early people believed

· Humor’s – dosha – Ancient Indians & Greek Diseased caused by in equilibrium in these dosha.

· ‘Health’ was equated to ‘Harmony’ - Harmony – being at peace with the self, the community, God and the cosmos.

· Modern medicine more stress is given to the research of disease & not health.

· End of world war I – Convenannt of league of Nations in this health was not included. Later at last the world came “World Health” was included end of the IInd world war. “Charter of the omitted nation” was prepared. Health was not included on mentioned.

· Till 1945 health had not got proper mention any where.

· In 1945 – united nation conference at San Francisco Health was included as a “ad hoe” [kind of temporary]

· In last few decades there was a re awakening that “Health’ as a fundamental right and world wide social goal.

· 1977 30^th world health assembly took major decision and said “the main target of government and WHO in the coming years should be” attainment by all citizens the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially & economically productivity life.

In brief it is health for all

Health is considered as an integral part (and quality life should be achieved by everyone) of the socio-economic growth of the country.

Wealth, power, security, knowledge – first priority.

Changing concept of health

1. Bio-medical concept:- It is based on the Germ theory of disease.

According to this human body is a machine.

Disease:- is consequences of breakdown in the machine.

Doctor is repairer of machine. It is one of the very initial concept. It doesn’t give a complete picture. It ignores the role of environment and socio-cultural aspects, psychological economic aspects.

Ecological Concept:-

It believe that health is dynamic equilibrium between man & his environment and disease a mal-adjustment of the human organism to environment.

Imperfect – imperfect

Man – Environment.

According to DUBOS:-

Health implies the relative absence of pain and dis comfort, and a continuous adoption and adjustment with the environment to ensure optimal functioning.

3. Psychological concept:-

4. Holistic concept:-

All the above put together all the good aspects.

DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH

1. Physical

2. Mental

3. Social

4. Spiritual

5. Emotional

6. Vocational

7. Others.

1. Physical:- All the tissue on cell of the body. (each & every).

Healthy person (Indicators)

1. Good completion

2. Clear skin

3. Bright eyes

4. Lustrous hair

5. body well clothed with firm flesh

6. Not too fat

7. Sweet breath

8. Good apetite

9. Sound sleep

10. regular activity of bowel & bladder

11. Co-ordinated bodily movements

12. All senses are intact

13. Resting pulse rate

14. Blood pressure & excise tolerance with in the range of normality for individual age and sex.

2. Mental dimension :- Absence mental illness doesn’t mean.

Definition Mental dimension:-

A state of balance between the indi and the surrounding would, a state of harmony between are self and others, a co-existence between the realities of the self and that of other people and that of the environment.

Indicators of mental health:

· 1. Free from interval conflict (he shouldn’t be war with himself)

· 2. Being well adjusted and being able to get along with others. “No man is perfect”.

· 3. Accepting criticism without getting upset easily.

· 4. The one who searches for identity. Unique – something which is mine.

· 5. person who has a strong self- esteem (not condem yourself)

· 6. knowing oneself need strength, limitation. (Self actualization) – indicators of sound mental health.

· 7. Good self control (Balance between rational & emotional).

DIMENSION OF HEALTH

Objectivity: as it is mental dimension can’t be learn objectively.

Subjectivity:- Mental health has more subjectivity (Agreement)

Social Dimension:- Indi and family relationship towards society (variation in biochemical – we end up doing something. That is the result of my emotions) Paronoia –

Delusion – Thought disorder (suspecting)

Dehesion of reference :- Eg. I think your talking about me.

Delusion of persecution:- Afraid of themselves that something might happen to me.

Erotomanic delusion:- Start interpreting somebody is loving me.

Social dimension:- Good meaningful, purposeful relationship with the society. Anything that is nowal in me includes social dimension.

Inclusive of all social aspects in me more the is relatively more good is my social health.

Vibes – Indicature of energy (-ve energy, +ve energy) relationship with the family, widen society. Utilizing all the social skills.

Spiritual Dimension:- “Looking into Self”

· Principle that we have in one life.

· Values

· Ethics

Emotional Dimension:-

Emotional & mental dimension was treated as same in earlier days.

The meaning was closely related – mental – knowing (tend to know about various aspects).

Emotional feeling for health to be in good male we need both.

Vocational Dimension:- May be a source of income. Anything to be with ‘work’ incapable of doing work will effect the health.

Other Dimension:-

· Philosophical dimension.

· Socio economic dimension

· Cultural dimension

· Preventure dimension

· Curative dimension

Other dimension concentrate on “non-medical” majority of dimension are non-medical.

WHO definition :- “Not only mere absence of disease but perfect functioning of psychological, physical, social state of mind and well being”.

POSITIVE HEALTH.:-

Perfect functioning of both body & mind not only absence of disease.

3 Essential Components based on WHO definition.

1. Biological component:-

2. Psychological aspect:- ability of an idni to understand our self & also adjust to external environment.

3. Social aspect:- In the larger community how will the adjust with other at the optimum level .

4. Spiritual aspects:- Health is not a standard term it is a relative term (vary according to life style) our health depends on our culture, socio, economic spiritual.

Well –being:-

1. Objective well being:- which aspect that is measurable. Eg. Standard of living level of living (UN documentation) It is a alternative.

9 Compounds according to U.N. documents (assessed).

1. Health

2. Food consumption

3. Eduction

4. Occupation & working condition

5. Housing

6. Social security

7. Clothing

8. Recreation & hisure

9. Human rights.

WHO Definition for std of living:-

“Income and occupation”, standards of housing sanitation and nutrition, the level of provision of health, education, recreational & other services may all be used individually as measures of socio-economic states and collection as an inden of the standard of living”.

2. Subjective well being:-

Quality of life:-

DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

Genes determine completion, height, weight etc.,

1. Heridity:- Mental retaldation, Some types of diabetes, chromsonal anomalys.

2. Environment:-(Micro environment speaker about personal habits).

a. Internal [functioning within the body ] respiratory

b. External [Macro environment] [outside the body – physical, social & biological] food, environment. (All things external is called human )

Hippocrates is the 1^st person to speak about the relationship between health & environment next Pettern Koffer- Association between environment & disease.

Life Style:- “The way live”

Life style is developed through nowalisation on social interaction within the social sphere.

Socio Economic condition:- Economic status , education, occupation, political system. Eg. Education also determine the health of a person [economic status, Education, Occupation, Pol. System].

Health Services:

Improving the health status of the people. Eg. Immunization, Providing safe drinking water. Peripheries – outer area.

Others:

· Creating policies and programs . Policy play main role in health.

INDICATIORS OF HEALTH

12 indicators was identify.

1. Martality Indicators:- Life expectancy disease, CDR crude death rate. (No. of deaths per 1000 population in one year in a particular country)

a. CDR, crude death rate

b. expectation of life

c. infant mortality rate

d. child mortality rate

e. under- 5 proportionate mortality rate

f. maternal (puerperal) mortality rate.

g. disease specific mortality.

h. proportional Mortality rate.

Life expect any varies at birth, IMR 1 year, CMR 5 year.

Below 1 year per 1000 per year in one country – IMR

1 -5 year per 1000 per year in one country – CMR.

Under -5 proportionate MR – Below 5 years MR.

Matrinal MR:- Death of mother during their reproductive age in 1000 per year per country.

More DR health condition.

Disease specific MR:- Cordio vascular disease communicable, or road accidents, HIV death occurs due to disease but not natural per 1000.

Proportional MR:- particular part HIV, CVD – percentage of the disease and death occur per 1000. Burden of the disease on particular community.

Morbidity Indicators:-

Morbid – which is not healthy or illness

a. incidence & prevalence.

b. notification rates.

c. attendance rate at out patient departments, health centres etc.,

d. A discussion, re-admission and discharge rates.

e. Duration of sickness or absence foam work.

Notification Rates:- Reporting or notifying of disease. Morbidity rates can be identify.

OPD:- Registration of cases in OPD & weather spells of sickness: Duration of sickness.

Disability Rates:-

Event type

Personal type

1. Event type indicators:- No. of days of restricted activities.

· Bed disability days.

· Work loss days.

2. Person type disability:-

· Limitation of mobility (unable to move from place to place)

· Limitation of activity.

ADL – activity of daily living.

Sullivan’s Index:- Life expectancy:- No. of years of disability. Eg: 60-3 = 57.

DALY – Disability Adjusted Life Years.

Measures which tells about the burden of disability among the indi.

Nutritional state indicators – This is a positive health indicators 3 important measures.

1. Anthropometric measurements-pre-school children ht, nt, mid aim.

2. measurement of night and sometimes lot and other thing at the time of entry puto school.

3. Prevalance of low birth weight.

5. Health care delivery:-

1. Doctor population ratio

2. doctor nurse ratio

3. Population bed ratio

4. Population per health centre or sub centres.

5. Population per traditional birth attendant.

6. Utilization Rates:-

1. proportion of infants who are fully immunized.

2. proportion of pregnant women who receive anti natal care or have their deliveries supervised by trained birth attendants.

3. Percentage of population using various methods. Of family planning.

4. Bed occupying rate (how many people daily are utilizing beds in hospital).

5. Average length of stay.

6. Bed turnover ratio (no. of discharges)

7. Social and Mental Health Indicator:- Indicators of social mental pathology Eg: suicide, homicide, voile crime.

8. Environmental Indicators:- Those aspects of environment necessary for + & -ve health. Eg: drinking water, weather, drainage, air pollution.

9. Socio Economic Indicators

a. Rate of population increase

b. Per capita GNP (Gross Net Product)

c. Level of unemployment

d. Dependency ratio

e. Literacy rates especially female literacy rates.

f. Family size

g. Housing: the no. of persons per room

h. Per capita “Colories” availability.

Dependency Ratio:- People who are not engage in economic activity – children below 15 years and old age.

10. Health Policy Indicators:-

Allocation of available resources equally.

· Proportion of GNP spent on health services.

· Proportion of GNP spent on health related activities (including water supply, sanitation, housing & nutrition & country development)

· Proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care.

11. Quality of life health indicators.

12. Other indicators

1. Social 2. Basic needs 3. Health for all

· Population increase

· Family formulation, families & households.

· Learning & educational services

· Earning activities.

· Distribution of income consumption & accumulation.

· Social security and welfare services

· Housing and its environment

· Public order and safety

· Time use.

· Lea sure & culture

· Social stratification

2. Basic needs:- food, shelter & clothing

3. Health for all:-

· This is the definition of WHO

· Health policy indicators

· Socio-economic indicators of health

· Indicators of provision for health care

· Health status indicators

Health and development

Health Development

1960’s – developing countries people gave more importance to “modern public health measures”. No much important is given to health status 1973-77- There was considerable rethinking about the health development. Major changes took place in economic theories role of human being was underestimated non-economic activities was given important in order to understand the health status.

Health development is the process of continuous progressive improvement of the health it also of a population

Health & development are mutually inter-related with one anothetr Health is the result of development and vice versa.

Health development is the result of recent policy thinking Developing the health status of people is the responsibility of the government . it is the right of each person to participate is developmental activities of health.

Development : Social, Economic. The result is Health & development. Each concept contribute to the health.

CONCEPT OF PREVENTION, LEVELS OF PREVENTION

Prevention:- Promote and preserve health & restore.

1. knowledge of causation

2. dynamics of transmission.

3. identification of risk factors and risk group.

4. availability of early detection and treatment measures

5. an organization for applying these measures to appropriate persons and groups.

6. continuous evaluation of and development of procedures applied.

Levels

1. Primordial prevention

2. Primary prevention

3. Secondary prevention

4. Tertiary prevention

1. Primordial Prevention:- Purest of primary prevention. It comes or starts in early childhood days. Eg: obesity, hypertension .

2. Primary Prevention:- An acceptable level of health which will enable indi to lead a socially and economically acceptable life. Primary prevention is the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which remove the possibility that a disease will ever occur.

WHO has given 2 important strategy

· Population strategy:- directed to whole population irrespective of indi level.

· High risk population:-

2. Secondary Prevention:- In an action which halts the program of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications aimed at

· Clinical intervention

· Government progs implemented are secondary prevention.

3. Tertiary Prevention:- It is all measures available to reduce or limit impairment and disability, minimize referring caused by existing departments from good health and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions.

Tertiary Prevention leads to rehabilitation:

1. Medical rehabilitation

2. Social rehabilitation

3. Psychological rehabilitation

4. Vocational rehabilitation

MODELD OF INTERVENTION

5 important models of intervention

1. Health promotion

2. Specific protection

3. Early diagnosis & treatment

4. Disability limitation

5. Rehabilitation

Primary Prevention

1. Health promotion :

· Health education

· Environmental modification

· Nutritional intervention.

· Life style and behavioral modification.

Health Promotion: It is a process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve health. According to WHO Health education: The intension to all people of the benefits of medical, psychological, & related knowledge is essential for the fullest attainment of health.

1. General public – Health provides.

2. Patient

3. Community leaders

4. Priority groups.

2. Environmental modification:-

· Provision of safe drinking

· Taking care of insects & rodent

· Sanitary facility

· Proper housing

· Water & food facility.

It is non-clinical in nature

3. Nutritional intervention

· Food distribution

· Nutritional improvement of vulnerable groups

· Child feeding programs

· Nutritional education

4. Life style and behavioral modification:-

· Food habits, physical exercise

· Personal hygiene

SPECIFICATION PROTECTION:-

a. Immunisation

b. Use of specific nutrients

c. Chemoprophylaxis:- Temporary relief medicine.

d. Protection against occupational hazards.

· Bagarso ses of lungs: Sugarcane factory

· Silicoses: gold mine

· Byssinosis: Cotton industry

e. Protection against accidents

f. Protection of carcinogens (cancer

g. Avoidance of allergens

h. Control of specific hazards in general environment

i. Control of consumer products quality and safety of foods drugs and cosmetics.

Health Protection:- The provision of conditions for normal mental & physical functioning of the human being individually and in groups. It includes the promotion of health, prevention of sickness and curative & restorative medicines in all its aspects.

EARLY DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT – SECONDARY PREVENTION

According to WHO:- The detections of disturbances of homeostatic and compensatory mechanism while/ bio chemical , morphological and functional changes / are still reversible.

(Balance between body chemists) Man-treatment:- Disease Trachoma, Malaria.

DISABILITY LIMITATION:- Tertiary Prevention

Impairment:- Any con or abnamality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function.

Disability: Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner on within the range considered normal for a human being.

Handicap:- A disadvantage for a given indi resulting from an impairment on a disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex, & social & cultural factors) for that inid.

Disease – impairment – Disability – Handicap

Accident – loss of foot- can’t walk-unemployed.

REHABILITATION:- Tertiary prevention

1. Restoration

2. Vocational rehabilitation

3. Social rehabilitation (Restoration of social relation)

4. Psychological rehabilitation (Increasing on regain his dignity to function as other person)

Hygiene:- Greek word – Hygeia represent the Goddess of health.

Serpend – indicates the art of healing

Definition “ It is the science of health and embarrass all factor which contribute to health full living”.

PUBLIC HEALTH:

Public health, in its present form, is a combination of scientific disciplines (Eg: epidemiology, biostatistics, laboratory sciences, social sciences, and demography) and skills and strategies (Eg: epidemiological investigation, planning and management, intervention surveillance and evaluation) that are directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of people.

Generally it was used in. It came in existence in England in 1848.

3. Community health:-

Euro symposium 1966. All the personal health and environment services in any human community irrespective of whether such services were public a private once.

4. Community Medicine:-

It is a very recent origin it is much more advance than others concept.

Epidemiology:- “Study of distribution and upon population study determinants of disease frequency among men”.

2. types of determinants:

1. Descriptive epidemiology

2. Analytical epidemiology

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EARLY DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT – SECONDARY PREVENTION

According to WHO:- The detections of disturbances of homeostatic and compensatory mechanism while/ bio chemical , morphological and functional changes / are still reversible.

(Balance between body chemists) Man-treatment:- Disease Trachoma, Malaria.

DISABILITY LIMITATION:- Tertiary Prevention

Impairment:- Any con or abnamality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function.

Disability: Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner on within the range considered normal for a human being.

Handicap:- A disadvantage for a given indi resulting from an impairment on a disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex, & social & cultural factors) for that inid.

Disease – impairment – Disability – Handicap

Accident – loss of foot- can’t walk-unemployed.

REHABILITATION:- Tertiary prevention

1. Restoration

2. Vocational rehabilitation

3. Social rehabilitation (Restoration of social relation)

4. Psychological rehabilitation (Increasing on regain his dignity to function as other person)

Hygiene:- Greek word – Hygeia represent the Goddess of health.

Serpend – indicates the art of healing

Definition “ It is the science of health and embarrass all factor which contribute to health full living”.

PUBLIC HEALTH:

Public health, in its present form, is a combination of scientific disciplines (Eg: epidemiology, biostatistics, laboratory sciences, social sciences, and demography) and skills and strategies (Eg: epidemiological investigation, planning and management, intervention surveillance and evaluation) that are directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of people.

Generally it was used in. It came in existence in England in 1848.

3. Community health:-

Euro symposium 1966. All the personal health and environment services in any human community irrespective of whether such services were public a private once.

4. Community Medicine:-

It is a very recent origin it is much more advance than others concept.

Epidemiology:- “Study of distribution and upon population study determinants of disease frequency among men”.

2. types of determinants:

1. Descriptive epidemiology

2. Analytical epidemiology

Epidemiology:-Descriptive : a. time b. place c. person

Analytical: (analyse the condition)

AIMs

· It is to determine the distribution & size of the disease in a human population.

· To identify the cause/ causes for the disease

· To provide the data that is essential your planning, improvementing and evaluating the health care service.

Goals:

· The Ultimate goal will be to eliminate or reduce the health problem or complications

· To prevent further recurrences

NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE

1. Prepathogensis (Even before the onset of disease)

2. pathogenesis (starts with)

Man in the midst of disease “or” man expose to the risk of disease.

Agent: Carries the disease from are person to another. Eg: Bacteria.

Host : Receiving the agent Eg: Human body welcoming the agents.

Environment: The interaction between agent, Host, environment cause disease.

Stage: Incubation

Pathogenesis

Early pathogenesis

Late pathogenesis

Final stage of disease may be recovery or disability or death.

Any disorder that is related to chronic is called prexymtomatic stage.

Pathogen tic:-

AGENTS:- Varities of agents

1. Biological agents

2. Nutrient agents

3. Physical agents

4. Chemical agents

5. Mechanical agents

6. Absence of or insufficiency or of a factor necessary for health.

7. Social agents.

Definition:

Agents:- It is a substance, living or non-living or a force tangible or intangible. The excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate or per peculate a disease process.

Biological agents:- Living agent. Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, metozoa. Biological agents cause on the host factors.

1. Infectivity:- The invention of host element & multiplication

2. Pathogenecity:- Ability of the living agents to produce clinical apparent illness (confirmed diagnosis) in us.

3. Virulence:- These are the proportion of clinical cases resulting from severe clinical illness.

Nutrient Agents:-

PEM – Protein Energy Malnutrition

Physical Agents:-

Excessive exposure to heat, cold, humidity.

Chemical Agents:-

1. Endogenous (changes within the body)

2. Exogenous (Chemical change outside the body)

- Exposure to allergens

- Metals (organments)

Serum belineben – Jaundice

Calcium Carbonate – Kidney stone

MECHANICAL AGENTS

Any exposure to chronic friction and other mechanical forces result in crushing, tearing, sprain, dislocation, death.

Absence of in sufficiency or excess of factors necessary for health.

· Chemical:- Eg: Insulin

· Nutrients factors

· Lack of structure

· Lack of part of structure

· Changes in chromoro

· Immunological factor

Social Factors

· Poverty

· Smoking

· Intake of drugs and alcohol

· Unhealthy life style

· Maternal

Host:-

Host is referred to soil (Human)

Agents is referred to seed (Disease)

Host is a intrinsic factors (within the human intrinsic factors are divided into body) 4 categories.

1. Demographic characteristics:- Age, sex, marital status

2. Biological characteristics:-

· Genetic factors

· Bio chemical levels of blood

· Cellular construction of blood

· Immunological factors

· Physiological functions of difference organ system.

3. Socio Economic characteristics:-

Education, occupation, housing indicative of socio status on economic status.

4. Life Style:- personality traits, living habits, nutrition, physical exercise , use of alcohol, drugs and smoking, behavior patters, etc.,

5. Environmental factors (intrinsic):-

1. Physical environment

2. Biological environment

3. Psychosocio environment

1. Physical environment: all those non-living things Eg: Air, water, light & sound.

2. Biological environment:- all living things around us.

3. Psycho social environment:- those factors affecting personal health, health care and country well being that stem from the psychosocial make up of individuals and structure and functions of social group. Eg: negative psychosocial – poverty.

Incidence & Prevelance:-

· Specific place & specific duration

· Calculated by using a formula

No. of new cases of disease during a given time period.

X 100

Population at risk during that period

Spells – which indicates the relapse of disease

- more than once in a year

- incident rate (spells)

No. of spells of sickness starting in a defined.

X 100

Mean no. of persons exposed to that risk in that population

Special incidents like attack rate – one particular disease which spreads rapidly & then there will be no news about it.

No. of new cases of a specified disease during a specified time interval.

X 100

Total population risk during the same interval

Secondary attack rate:-

Infections disease, communicable disease

No. of exposed person developing the disease within

the range of incubation period. (starting initial stage)

X 100

Total no. of exposed / susceptible contacts

Prevalance – Meaning:- All current cases (old & new) existing at a given point in time or over a period of time in a given population.

Broader definition:- The total no.of all indi who have an attribute or disease at a particular time (on during a particular period) divided by the population at risk of having the attribute on disease at this point in time or midway through the period.

Basic difference between incidence & prevalence

· incidence related only to new once

· prevalence deals with both new & old.

Calculated in two ways:

1. point prevalence

2. period prevalence

1. point prevalence

No. of all current cases (old & new) of a specified

disease existing at a given point in time.

X 100

Estimated population at the same point in terms

2. period prevalence

No. of existing cases (old & new) of a specified

disease during a given period of time interval.

X 100

Estimated mid interval population at work.

With incidence & duration you can’t come into a conclusion with prevalence relation between I & P.

P = I X D

Prevalence = Incidence x means duration.

X 100

This can happen only when population is stable & changes

Should be less.

Uses of Incidence:-

· To control disease

· For research into Aetiology (study of causes for a particular disease & pathogenesis distribution of illness & efficiency of preventure & therapeutic measures.

Uses of Prevalence:-

· To estimate the magnitude of health disease probes is the country & identify potential high risk population.

· On administrative & planning purpose. Eg: hospital beds, Man power needs & rehabilitation facilities etc.,

LEPROSY: (Hansen’s disease kusta roga)

(Norway) 1873 Hanse discovered leprosy is caused by bacteria M.LAPRAE (micro bacteria)

· 1943 – beginning of new era of a leprosy sulphone drugs was introduced to treat leprosy.

Case – finding, domiciliary

1955:- launched national leprosy control prog by government of India.

1960’s & 1970’s:- wide spread experimental problem.

1980’s:- multi drug therapy was introduced (combination of several drugs in one pill) gradual reduction in the disease.

1983:- National lep cont prog was changed and become national leprosy eradication prog.

Clinical characteristics:-

1. Hypo pigmented patches

2. Partial or total loss of cataloes sensation in the affected area (The earliest sensation to be affected is usually the light touch)

3. Presence of thickened nerves and

4. Presence of acid fast bacilli in the skin or nasal smears.

Signs of Advanced diseases

· Presence of modules / lumps especially in the skin of the face & ears.

· Plantar ulcers

· Loss of fingers or toes.

· Nasal depression

· Foot drop

· Claw toes & other deformities.

Peripherals nerves:- extreme outskirt nerves of the body. 1. skin 2. muscles 3. eyes 4. muscles 5. tastes 6. internal organs (All these areas get affected)

AGENT : M.Laprai

HOST: 1.Human body:

1. Age:

2. Sex & Gender:- Commonly among men

3. Migration:- People migrate from R to U areas and disease spread easily is U areas.

4. Immunity:-

ENVIRONMENT:-

· Hygiene

· Habbits

· Poverty – over crowding, poor housing, lack of education.

· Ventilation

· Humidity (heat) – M- laprai stays for 9 days wet-M.laprai stays for 48 days (moist)

Social pathology:- leprosy is a social disease, poverty over crowding, poor housing, lack of education, lack of personal hygiene.

Diagnosis for leprosy:-

Clinical examination:-

· A careful history of the person.

· Family history with specific reference

· History of leprosy

· Previous history of contact with leprosy patients

· Previous history of treatment

· Present complaints.

Physical Examination:-

Incubation period for leprosy is about 5-7 years sensation of the skin is lost. Thickened nerves.

Bacteriological examination:-

· Skin smear

· Nasal secretion

· Nasal scraping

We can arrive at a conclusion that leprosy is effected by taking min 7 difference part are chosen to test.

0- 3+ grading – no bacilli found in 100 fields

1+ one bacteria is each field

2+one or two bacteria [bacteria in all field]

3+ many is found in every area.

4 Interrogation:- Connection of biodata, family history, history of contact of leprosy cases, previous history of treatment, presenting complaint or system.

CLASSIFICATION OF LEPROSY

2 Important classification are :

1. Lepromatus:- Begnis:- not very obvious indication malingnant:- spreading of the disease.

Lepromatus is bigness when the resistance in the body is very low.

1. Tuberculoid:- Tuberculoid is malingnant resistance is not very low

Modes of infection

1. Droplet infection:- aerosolo containing M.Laprac

Nose – respiratory tract as postal entry.

2. Contact transmission:- transmission from one person to another through.

· Direct (skin – to skin)

· Indirect (with soil, contaminated, clothes, lines) feet and legs to patent from hilly areas.

3. other contes:- Bacilli may be transmitted via breast milk from lepromatous mother.

· Insect vector

· Tattooing need co.

Classification

1. Madrib classification – in determine type, tuberulaid boderli ne, lapromatous

2. Ridley Jopling classification – Tuberculoid , B.T.L., B.L, L

3. Indian classification – Indeterminate, tubuloid borderline type, lepromatous, pure neurotic.

LEPROSY CONTROL

Multi drug therapy

1. Medical measures:-

· Estimation of prob

· Easy case delection:

a. contact survey

b. group survey

· multi drug therapy

· surveillance (clinical & bacteriological completion of treatment)

· immunoprophylasis

· chmoprophyla (BCG vaccine).

· Rehabilitation (Region as noon as disease is diagn)

· Health education preventure rehabilitation

2. Social support – Chemotherapy alone is not likely to a slow the whole problem of leprosy, social assistance & support from family is made

3. Prog Management:-

4. Evaluation

Health care of the country

Health FR – state has response for the health of the national government – improve health care services “Health for all by 2000 AD”

Concept “Health care (public right) – medical care”

· Promoting – monitoring

· Maintaining – restoring health

Levels of health care

1. Primary care level – inid, family

2. Secondary level –

3. Tertiary level – medical college, specialized.

Health care system – sound referral system.

Changing concept approach to HC

1. comprehensive health care – Bhove committee 1946, present cural promo from won b to + on b.

2. Basic health service:- WHO & UNICEF.

3. PHC – 1978 International conference at Alma Atla (USSR) Bhone committee.

PHC “PHC is essential health care made universally assemble to indi and accuplable to them through this full participation and at the cost of comity & country comfford.

Elements of PHC :- 1. ecuation concerving health prob

2. promotion of food supply & nutrition

3. adequate supply of health care nutrition.

4. M and C+ FP

5. Immunization

6. Prevention & control of locally endemic disease

7. treatment for common disease

8. promis on for essential drugs.

Health care delivery

Primary level

Secondary level

Tertiary level

Health problem

· Common disease

· Qutritio

· Environment

· Medical care

· Population problem

Resources :- money

Health manpower

Time

Principle of PHC

1. Equitable distribution

2. community participation

3. Inter sectoral co-ordination

4. appropriate technology

Health care delivery system

Intended to provide health services of the community

1. public health care:-

a. Primary health centre 1977 government of India . Rural health scheme basic for this was PHC.

· Primary health centre

· Sub centre

b. Hospitals/ Health centres

· Community health centres

· Rural hospitals

· District hospitals/ health centres

· Specialist hospital

· Teaching hospital

c. health insurance schem

· ESI

· CGHS – central Government Health Scheme

d. Other agencies:-

· Defence services

· Railways

Private health sector:

a. private hospitals, polyclinic

Nursing homes / dispensaries

b. General practitioners and clinic

3. INDEGENOUS SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

· Ayurveda & Sidda

· Umani and Tibb

· Homeopathy

· Unregistered practitioner

4. Voluntary Health Care Agencies

5. National Health Policies:-

1. PUBLIC

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IN INDIA

1977 rural health scheme government started “peoples health in peoples hand”.

PHC is 3 tire system.

Shri Vatsava Committee suggestion this program was started.

Health for all by 2000 AD – Goal of Government

Started many program & policies

NHP 1980 was approved.

Principle of PHC

1. Equitable distribution

2. community participation

3. Inter sectoral co-ordination

4. appropriate technology.

PHC at Village level:-

1. Village health guide scheme:-

A VHG is a person with an aptitude or social service and is not a full time government functionary.

On October 2^nd 1977 – started

May 1986 a circular was passed that women should HG than women was replaced by men.

Serve as a link between community & government sectors.

2. Sub centre level:-

Pheripheral outpost of existing health delivery system in rural areas. Population of 5,000, tribal & hilly area – 3000

Sub centre is manned by 1 made & 1 female

Mother & child health care

F.P.

Immunization

3. PHC level

10,000 – 20,000 – 6 medical office

- 6 nurse and other supporting staff

Recently 30,000 rural population

Functions of PHC:-

· Medical care

· Mother and child health including F.P.

· Safe water supply and basic sanitation

· Prevention & control of locally endemic diseases

· Collection & reporting of vital statistics

· Education about health

· National health programs:- as relevant

· Referral services

· Training of health guides, health workers, local dais and health assistance.

· Basic laboratory services.

7. COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRE

Country developed (80 to 120 lakhs) with facilities of 30 beds with X ray, Gynacologist, specialist, OPG, pediatrics, lab facility.

Community Health Worker – Community Health Officer

Hospital

Health centres

Curative aspects

Not particular area is covered

Curative staff

Integrated services preventure, promotive & curative aspects

Area

Medical and para medical staff

No professional & para professional

Sub divisional hospital – sub divisional health centre

Multipurpose worker schem

State suggested to have integrated setup at district level with a chief medical officer and 3 deputy chief medical officer responsible for 1/3^rd of the FW service, M & C services.

Rural hospital & district hospital

Specialist hospitals:-

Specialization in one area – children provide a complete care. Eg: Bharath Cancer hospital

Teaching hospital:- Eg: J.S.S. Hospital, K.R.Hospital . Interns are taught & trained.

Health Insurance Scheme:-

ESI : Act of parliament – 1948. Unique price of social legislation of India cash & kind.

ESI: Death of a worker due to injury known as central government employees was provided with CGHS

1^st time New Delhi – 1954.

Principle of CGHS:-

· Co-operative effort by the employee and the employee to the mutual advantage of both.

Facilities under CGHS:-

· Out patient care through a network of dispensaries

· Supply of necessary drugs

· Laboratory and X-ray investigations

· Domiciliary visits (home visit)

· Hospitalization facility at government as well as private hospitals recognized for the purpose.

· Specialist consultation.

· Pediatric services including immunization

· Amte-natal, natal and post natal services.

· Emergency treatment.

· Supply of optical and dental aids at a reasonable rates.

· Family welfare services

Intended scope CGHS:-

All those employees of autonomous organization, retired central government servants, widows receiving family pension, members of parliament, ex-governors and retired judges.

Some of the states included recently are Mumbai, Alahabad, Meerut, Kanpur, Patna, Calcutta, Nagpur, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Jaipur, Pune, Lucknow, Ahemadabad, Bhuvaneshwar, Jabalpur.

Other Agencies

Defence :- have their own set of services providing to their agency

Railway – Private agency.

PRIVATE HEALTH SECTOR:-

· Providing health care services to larger sector rapid increase of doctors.

· Concentrated on urban areas providing curative services.

· Those who can afford is provided with services

· Medical council of India.

· Medical association organization (IMA) – functioning & activities of several organization.

VOLUNTARY AGENCY:- Voluntary health agency is an organization that is administered by an autonomous board which holds meetings, collects funds for its support chiefly from private sources and expends money, whether with a without paid workers, in holding on conducting a program directed primarily to furthering the public health services or health education on by advancing research a legislation or health or by a combination of these activities.

1. Supplement the work done by government agencies

2. pioneering (Research activities Eg: Family planning)

3. education.

4. Demonstration :- Activities or programs are demonstration and later taken up at larger terms

5. Guarding the work done by Governmental agencies.

6. Advancing health legislation

VOLUNTARY AGENCIES- IN INDIA

INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY

1920 more than 400 branches all over India.

1. Promotion of health – prevention of disease

2. Mitigation of suffering among people

Programs of activities of Red cross

a. Relief work:- natural disaster immediate requirement is given

b. Provides milk & medimal supply:- Dispensary, orphanages, school, vitamins essentials are supplied to these places.

c. services for the armed forces: Red cross home – Bangalore well equipped full fledged hospital provide medical service to armed forces.

Far East – eaten to permanent disability of ex-service man.

d. Mabrnal & child welfare service:- Redcross can affraiciate with other organization and work.

e. Family planning:-

F.P.dinic working under R.C.

f. Blood bank and first aid:- St.John’s ambulance association is part of red cross. It is involved in training is first aid.

2. HINDU KOSHT NIVARAN SANGH (HKNS)

1950 head quarter in New Delhi. Before it was known Indian counsil of the British empire leprosy relief association (B.E.L.R.A.) later HKNS was formed BELRA.

Services:-

· Financial assistance to leprosy homes and clinics.

· Health education through publication and posters

· Training of medical workers & physiotherapist

· Research and field investigation.

· Organization of all India leprosy workers conference.

· Publication of ‘leprosy is India’ a quarterly journal.

INDIAN COUNSIL FOR CHILD WELFARE:-

1952 – affiliated to international union for child welfare. Right from inaction till now it has branches in all district & states. The services are devoted to secure for India’s children those “opportunities & facilities, by low and other means”, which are necessary to enable them to develop physically, mentally, normally, spiritually and socially in a healthy and normal manner and in condition of freedom and dignity.

TUBERCULOSIS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (TBAI)

1939 – all over the state in India

Activities

· Organizing a T.B. seal compaign in order to raise funds

· Trining of doctor, health visitors & social workers in anti-tuberculosis work.

· Promotion of health education consultation & conference.

Function under the management of TBAI

· New Delhi TB centre

· Lady linglithgow sanatorium at ‘Kasauli’

· The king Edward VII Sanatorium at Dharmapur.

· TB hospital at Mehrauli

Bharath Sevak Samaj:-

Non-political & non official organization started in 1952.

Primary objective:- help people achieve health by their own actions and efforts.

Providing sanitation facility at village level.

All over state & district – branches.

CSWB – Central Social Welfare Board:-

Autonomous organization under the general administration control of ministry of education

Government of India set up in Aug. 1953.

Functions:

· Surveying the needs and requirements of voluntary welfare organization is the country

· Promotion & setting up of social welfare organization on a voluntary basis.

· Rendering of financial aid to descuring and existing organization and institution.

1968 board started family & child welfare services in rural area mainly for giving facility to women and child.

Activities:

· Training on teaching of craft social education literacy classes , maternity aid for women distribution of milk, Balwadies, organization of play centers for children and also a scheme of industrial co-operative to help the lower middle class women in urban areas supplement their family income by doing paid work.

The Kasturba Memorial Fund

1944 Kasturaba Gandhi.

Objectives:

· Improve the condition of rural women

· Planned through gram sevikas

· Welfare project concerned with women

FPAI

Started in 1949 – headquarters in Bombay.

Objectives

· Propogate the F.P. methods.

· Several branches all over India and FP clinic.

· Doctors, health, visitors, SW are trained by FP

Head quarter of Bombay:- Basically concerned with issu concerned with FP by interview or through correspondence.

9. All India Women’s Conference:- (1926- All over India)

· MCH clinic

· Adult education centre, milk centre, FP clinics, medical centres.

10. The All India Blind Relief Society : (1946)

Objectives:

· Co-coordinating with organization and institution working for blind.

· Conducts eye camps, equipments

11. The professional bodies: Professional organization

a. the Indian Medical Association

b. All Indian Licentiates Association

c. All India Dental Association

d. The trained nurses association of India

Activities of prof Organiztion:-

· Annual conference

· Publish journals

· Arrange scientific sessions / exhibitions

· Foster research

· Set up standards of professional education &

· Organize relief camps especially during natural calamities.

International Health

WHO – World Health Organization

Specialized non-political organization on health agency

1945 San Franciso conference regarding UN.

Brazil and China said we need to organize a specialized organization

Constitution was drafted by the “technical preparatory committee which chairman as Rene Sand the draft was approved in New York where 51 nations participated.

April 7^th 1948 – Construction came into force. – World Health day.

Objectives:

Attaining by all people of the highest level of health.

WHO is unique: because it has its own construction governing body, membership, budget.

WHO is a part of UN it is not a sub-ordinate.

2 Major policy influenced WHO:-

“Alma Ata conference in 1978 on primary Health care”

“Global strategy you Health for all by 2000”

Membership is open to all countries. Each country each year contribute budget to WHO.

Each country has right to provide services.

Work: Function- directing & co-ordinating all the activities.

1. Prevention & control of specific diseases.

2. Development of comprehensive health services.

3. Family health – MCH, Human reproduction water for all by 1990.

4. Environmental health – air, water food, health

5. Health statistics – morbidity, mortality

6. Bio – medical research

7. Health literature & information – WHO literacy

8. Co-operation with other agencies

Structure of WHO

· The world health assembly – health policy, work of past

· The executive board

· The secretariate.

World Health Assembly:-

· It is health parliament

· Supreme governing body of organization

· Geneva – annual meeting

· 14^th world health assembly – New Delhi – 1961.

Main Functions

a. Determine India Health policy and program

b. To review the work of passed year.

c. To approve the budget needed for the following year

d. To elect member states to designate a person to serve for 3 years on the executive board and replace the retiring persons.

Director General

Technical discussion once in a year.

Executive Board

· 18 members, 24 and them to 30

· 1976 it raised as 31 health assembly

· Technically qualified in the file dof health

· 1/3 of the membership renewed in every year, twice in year (January and May)

· In each region minimum 3 person should be relected.

Functions:-

1. To give effect to the decisions and policies of the assembly

3. SECRETARIAT

· Headed by direction general

· To provide member state with technical and managerial support for their national health development programmes.

There are around 14 division each of the division dealing with various aspects.

Regions for WHO:-

1. South east Asia with HQ in New Delhi, India

2. Africa – Brazzil (Cango)

3. The Americans – Washington DC (USA)

4. Europe – Copenhagen (Denmark)

5. Eastern meditaranion – Alexandria (Egypt)

6. Western Pecific – Manila (Phillipines)

It is headed by the regional direction

UNICEF:- United Nation International Children Emergency Fund – 1946.

UNDP:- 1966 Funds technical assistance help poorer nation develop their human and natural resource more fully. Agriculture, Industry, Education, Science, Health, Social work.

FAO :- Food & Agricultural Oranization – 1945 with headquarters in Rome – specialized agency to meet co-oepration.

Aims

1.To help nations raise living standards

2. To improve nutrition to the people of all countries

3. To increase the efficiency of forming, forestry and fisheries.

4. To better the contidion of rural population and through all these means widen the opportunity of all people for productive work.

FAO activities:

· To ensure that food consumed by people who need it , in sufficient quantitites and in right proportion.

· To develop and maintain a better state of nutrition through out the world.

Freedom from hunger compaign – 1960. combat against mal nutrition and disseminate education and information.

ILO:- International Labor Oranizaiton. Geneva (Swizerland) – headquarters 1919 started as an officiate to league of nations.

To improve the standard of working.

Purpose:

1. To contribute to the establishment of lasting peace by promoting social justice.

2. To improve, through international action, the labour conditions and living standards.]

3. To promote economic & social stability.

International labour Code:- Collection of international minimum standards related to health, welfare, living and working condition of workers all over the world.

ILO in collaboration with WHO has done many programe.

World Bank:- Specialized organization of UN. Intended to help the less developed on poor country to improve the standard.

World bank is governed by board of governors.

Provide loans to the project which improve the economic growth.

Eg: electric power, road, housing , sanitation.

Helps in FP programs

Health & environment issue.

Other Agencies

1. Ford foundation:- Specialized organization active in the field of rural health services & FP.

6 important areas

1. Orientation training centres (Public health training)

2. Reasearch cum Action projects (slowing the problems in environement sanitation – Latin)

3. Piolet project in rural health services, Gandhi Gram. T.N.

4. Establishment of NIHAE (National Institute of Health Administration & Education) provide training in health & education.

5. Calcutta water supply and drainage scheme.

6. Family planning research in the field of reproduction biology.

Care:- Co-operation American Relief Everywhere

Non sectarian & non- government organization – 1946.

To provide food for Europeans country affected by world war.

Post war relief activity was over they concentrated on other country other activity also.

Medicine, literacy, vocational training agriculture.

Medicine:

Mobile medical vans, X-ray machines, diagnostic sets, eye grams & feames, medicines, medical books, vitamins.

Care : started functioning in India 1950 – mid day meals was provided.

RED CROSS (INTERNATIONAL)

International redcross society was founded by Dumant – 1859 North Italy. “Battle of Sofferino”

He gathered people in and around the village to help those soldiers people who injured in the battle. Book entitled “un souvenir de SDferine”. In the year 1864 Geneva – 1^st Geneva convention they signed a trity for wounded soldier natural Disaster – extended the services.

Functions:

1. largely confirmed to the humanitarian service on behalf of the victims of war. Redcross caters to armed forces, war veterans, disaster service, first aid & nursing, health education and maternal & child health services.

Health System In India

3 important level

1. Health system at the centre consist 3 important organs

a. The ministry of health & family welfare

b. The directorate general of health service.

c. The central council of health and family welfare.

Union ministry of health & family welfare headed by a cabined minister, minister of state and Deputy health minister.

2 department :- 1. Department of health

2. Department of family welfare.

Functions:- 7 schedules of art 246 of constitution of India.

a. The union list

b. The con current list.

a. Union List:

· International health relations and administration of port quarantine.

· Administration of central institutes such as the all India Institute of hygine & public health Culcutta, national institute for the control of communicable diseases, Delhi.

· Promotion of research through centres and other bodies.

· Regulation & development of medicines. Pharmaceuticals, dental, and nursing professions.

+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه هفتم اردیبهشت ۱۳۸۸ ساعت 12:38 توسط محمد رضا ايرواني |

· Establishment and maintenance of drug standards

· Census, collection and publication of other statical data.

· Immigration and immigration

· Regulation of labour in the working of mines & oil fields and

· Co-ordination with states and with other ministries for promotion of health.

B. Concurrent List:- both union state government.

· Prevention of extension of communicable diseases from one unit to another.

· Prevention of adulteration of food stuffs.

· Control of drugs and poisons

· Vital statistics

· Labour welfare

· Posts other than the major ones.

· Economic and social planning

· Population control and family planning.

Directorate General of Health Service:

Union government principle advisor for public health & medicine

Assisted by additional director general of health service and a team of deputies and a large no of administrative staff.

Companies of 3 unit

1. Medical care & hospitals

2. Public health

3. General administration

1. General services

a. surveys,

b. planning

c. co-ordination

d. programming and upraisal of all health matters in the country.

Specific functions:

a. International health relations & quarantine

b. control of drug standards

c. Medical store depots

d. Post graduate training

e. Medical training

f. Medical research

g. Central Government health scheme

h. National health programs

i. Central health education bureu

j. Health intelligence

k. National medical library.

Central Council of Health & F.W.

Prudential order of Aug 1952 Act 263 co-ordinated action between central & state union health minister – chairman

State health minister – members

Functions:

1. To consider and reconsumed blood out lines of policy in regard to matters concerning health is all its aspects such as prevention of renedeal & preventive care, environement hygiene, nutrition, health eduction and polmolion of facilities for training & research.

2. To make proposal for legislation in fields of activity relating to medicine & public health and to lay down the pattern of development for the country as a whole.

3. To make recommendations to the central government regarding distribution of available grant –in-aid for health purposes to the states to review periodically the work accomplished in difference areas through the utilization of these grant –in-aid.

4. To establish any organization or organization invested with appropriate functions for promotion & maintaince & co-operation between the central and state health administration.

State Level

Health system in India –State level

1919 – 1^st milestone is establishing health system at state level.

Montague – Chelmsford reforms

1921-1922 all the state had some form of public health system

1935 government of India act. This act further gave autonomy especially is health.

Important organization:-

1. Federal list

2. Concurrent list

3. State list (health related issue in the state) all the services related to health.

(piligrimage, medical health, preventive health)

2 important organs:-

1. State ministry of health

2. Directorate of health

1. State ministry of health:- headed by minister of humand & family welfare and Deputy minister of H & FW.

Secretary heads the secretariate (Senior IAS officer ) (official organ of state health)

2. State health directorate:- Surgeor general on inspector general of civil hospital director of PH services.

Department of medicine

Department of public health

Bhore committee (1946) recommendation throughout state there should be one administration both medicine & PH.

West Bengal was the 1^st state is implemented Bhore comiitee recommendation.

Maharastra was last 1970 May.

· One director of health service on director of health & family welfare (after family planning)

· Director of medicine & health service responsible is organizing all the activities connected to health.

Regional directors:-

1. Region

2. Functional (specialized is one particular area of health)

Health system:- District level – Headed by a collector (DC)

Sub-divided or further classified as

1. Sub-division – assistant collector or sub-collector

2. Tehsil (Taluk) – Tehsildar.

3. community development blocks – Block development office (BDO)

4. Municipalities & corporation

5. Villages

6. Panchayats.

Tehsil – 200-600 villages

1952 country development program was launched in India rural area of all district are considered as 60 development block.

1921-1922, all the state had

Block:- Is a unit of rural planning and development & comprises of approximately 100 villages and a population of 80,000 – 1,20,000.

Urban local self government:-

1. town area committee – 5000-10,000

2. Muncipal boards – 10,000 – 2 lakhs

3. corporation – over 2 lakhs

3 tire rural local self government

1. Panchayat – at village level

2. Panchayat samithi – at block level

3. Zilla Parishad – at district level

Panchayat (at village level):-

1. Gram Sabha

2. Gram panchayat

3. Nyaya panchayat

Health Eduation And Communication

Health educator need to convey the message correctly

Levels (health education delivered at 3 levels)

1. Individual :- personal health & family issue

2. Group – group counseling

3. Man Media

Village health guide – training to provide all the service related to MCH & F.P.

ICDS

CDPO is incharge of ICDS

Angawadi workers – provide service such as immunization, health education, nutrition.

Schemes:

1. Immunization of pregnant mothers against tetanus

2. Immunization of children under the universal immunization program.

3. Prophylaxis against nutrition and anaimia among mother & children.

4. Prophylaxis against blind nen in children (1-5 years) due to vitamin A deficiency and goiter control

URBAN:-

Deliveries are institutionalized deliveries (maternity homes)

F.D. WHO 1971 expert committee

“F.P. is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health & welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of the country”.

Scope of F.P.

1. Proper spacing & limitation of births

2. Advice on sterility

3. Education for parenthood

4. Sex education

5. Screening for pathological conditions related to the reproductive system (Eg: survival cancer)

6. Genetic counseling

7. Pre-marital consultation & examination

8. Carrying out pregnancy tests.

9. Marriage counseling

10. Preparation of couples for the arrival of their first child.

11. Providing services for unmarried mothers

12. Teaching home economics & nutrition

13. providing adaptation services.

Health aspects of F.P.

1. Women’s health:-

· Maternal mortality

· Morbidity of women of child bearing age.

· Nutritional status

· Weight changes

· Hemoglobin’s level

· Preventable complication of pregnancny & abortion

2. Foetal health

· Foetal mortality

· Abnormal deep.

1. Infant & child health:-

· Neonatal, infant & pre-school mortality

· Health of the infant at birth

· Vulnerability & disease.

Welfare aspect

Improve the quality of life of people

Sub areas of MCH service :

· Maternal health

· Child health

· F.P.

· Handicapped children

· Care of the children is special setting such as day care centers.

Antenatal Care Objectives

· To promote protect and maintain health of the mother during pregnancy

· To detect ‘HIGH RISK’ cases and give them special attention.

· To forsee complications and prevent them

· To remove anxity and dread associated with delivery

· To reduce maternal & infant mortality rates

· To teach the mother the elements of child care and nutrition

· To sensitive mother to the needs for family planning including advices to the cases seeking MTP (Medical termination of Pregnancy)

· To attend to the under five’s accompanying the mother.

Care is done Through or How these services are provided

1. Antenatal visit

2. Pre-natal advice (nutrition, medication, care of her baby)

3. Specific health protections

4. Mental preparedness

5. Family planning (Child spacing, small size family)

6. Pediatric component

Intranatal Care: (At the time of delivery)

1. Domiciliary care (disadvantages – nursing care will not be adequate

Institutional delivery is preferred)

Rooming In:- Child is kept next to mother. They are together

OBG – (Obstetrician & gynecologist)

Postnatal Care Or Post partal Care

Postpartal care depends on the type of delivery condition.

Mother :- Obstetrician (Dr take care of maternal health)

Child:- (obstetrician or paadiatrician ) Dr. take care of children below 16 years.

Perimatalogy – combined efforts

IMMUNIZATION

Protecting a large no people at a time it develop herd immunity.

Immunization doesn’t guarantee 100% protection one step towards protection. It is not the soul components.

Strategies where Immunization can be given:-

1. Active immunization

2. Passive immunization

3. Combined passive and active immunization

4. Chemoprophylaxis

5. Non-specific measures.

1. Active immunization:- most effective ways of immunization, loss cost or cost effective. A larger no. of population is covered. Eg: Polio, Tetanus, Diptheria, Measles.

Infancy and early childhood it is given. In some situation it is given to high risk group. (Endemic areas) public health area.

All disease doesn’t have immunization.

Immunization program have to be planned in the country according to the situation.

Immunization program to provide it need atleast 14 visit. Because that is not feasible a combination of no. of immunization package is given and no of visit is educated.

The site of injection

Important points to be kept in mind.

1. Immunization program should be epidemiologically relevant:-

2. Immunologically effective effective:- where, at what time, who should be given immunization. Eg: when the baby try to live without the mother and the immunity of the child to grol individually.

3. Operationally feasible:- Cost and ability to reach maximum no. of people

4. Socially acceptable:-

Programms:-

1. Universal Immunization Programme:- started 1974 May.

· Expanded program on Immunization (EPI)

· Launched to protect children against disease (vaccine preventable disease).

· In India it was started in Jan 1978.

· Again it was called as UNIVERSAL CHILD IMMUNIZATION, 1990 sponsored by UNICEF. UN :

· 40^th anniversary this programme was started Indian version was started in 1985 Nov. dedicated in the memory of Indira Gandhi. To protect children against 6 disease.

Diptheria, Whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis & measles.

PASSIVE IMM

3 imp types

NORMAL HUMAN IMM

SPECEFIC (Hyperimmune) Human Immunoglobin

ANTISERA/ ANTITOXIN

Short petiod imm only given when developes contacts with ingection disease Mass imm is not effective in this specific desease in specific area. The immunity that induces is also for that duration period.

COMBINED ACTIBE & PASSIVE IMM

Few disease indude the both

Eg: Rabies; are combined and gevin to an indi It is nuded for only few disease and only in certain nituation.

CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS:

Treatment process of providing proletron from and prevention of disease

2 types it can be achived

1, causal prophylaries

2 , clinical

1. causal prophylaxis : implies the complete prevention of infection by the early elimination of the invading or migrating causal agents. Eg: Malaria.

2. Clinical prophylaxis:- Implies the prevention of clinical sysmptoms, it doesn’t necessarily mean elimination of infection.

NON-SPECIFIC METHODS:-

Improve the quality of life by providing health, education, housing, sanitation. Legislative measure – to formulate program which can be implemented. It also involves community in surviliance and controlling disease.

ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme

· 1975, Social and women welfare

· National policy for children

· Solid foundation for development of HR.

Packages of ICDS:-

· Supplementary nutrition

· Immunization

· Health check up.

· Medical referral services

· Nutrition and health education for women and child

· Non-formal education of children upto 6 years.

· Pregnant and nursing mothers in rural urban and tribal area.

Preventive and development effort:-

Community development block – rural (1,00,000)

Tribal development block – Tribal (35,000)

Group of slums – urban

100 villages are covered under one project.

Other functionaries Anganawadi worker

CDPO - Assistant Supervisor (Mukya Sevika) – Supervisors 20-25

The focal point of ICDS is anganawadi centre & an trained aganawadi worker. She is selected by the country itself.

· Each supervisors is responsible for 20-25 Anganawadi.

Job of Supervisors:-

· Every supervisors help in record keeping

· Visits to health personnel

· Organization of community visit

· On the job training to anganawadi workers

Anganawadi worker is a multipurpose against b’coz they assist in more than 2 works who are trained in certain skills & selected by the country itself.

Role of aganawadi workers:-

· Provides direct link to children & mother

· Assists CDPO in survey of the country & the beneficiaries.

· Organisers non-formal education

· Provides health & nutrition education to mothers

· Assists PHC staff in providing health services

· Maintains records of immunization feeding & pre-school attendance.

· Laison with block administrator, local school, health staff & country.

· Works for other country based activities

· ICDS services in India began in 3 blocks

· After the begins of ICDS 2 evaluation one done in1978 & other one in 1982.

· Based on recommended provided through evaluation there were lot of these 2 evaluation & no government took initiative to spread this services & reach it to people rapidly from 1982 with vigorous steps.

· In 8^th plan ICDS was considered to be universalized.

· For some states would bank is assisting monetarily for this ICDS programs.

The Benefits / Impact of ICDS:-

· Has contributed for increased birth weight

· Reduced incidence of mal nutrition.

· Increased immunization coverage.

· Reduced infant & child mortality rates.

POST NATAL CARE:-

MCH continuation Objective:

· To prevent complications of post natal period.

· To provide care for the rapid restoration of the mother to optimum health.

· To check the adequacy of breast feeding

· To provide FP services

· To provide basic health education to mother & family.

SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES:-

1909 – one of the schools in Baroda City that the medical examination of second children was conducted.

Bhore Committee (1946) :- reported absolutely no services at school level even if it is there it is at under developed level.

1953 Secondary education committee:- Emphasized need for medical check up & feeding.

1960 school health committee was formed to

· Asses what are all the existing health condtion school health services

· What can be alone should be included in general health committee

· Report was submitted in 1961.

5 year plan major contribution was done welfare of children.

Problems of school going children

· Mal nutrition

· Infections diseases

· Intestinal parasite

· Diseases of skin, eye and ear

· Dental caries

Objective of SH services

· Promotion of health

· Prevention of diseases

· Early diagnosis treatment & follow up of defects.

· Awakening health consciousness in children.

· Provision of healthful environment.

Aspects of SHS:-

· Health appraisal of school children & school personal

· Remedial measures and follow up.

· Prevention of communicable diseases

· Healthful school environment

· Nutritional services

· First aid & emergency care

· Mental health

· Dental health

· Eye health

· Health education

· Education of handicapped children

· Proper maintenance and use of school health records.

SCHOOL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

1. PHC

2. Primary health committee

Care for handicapped children

Definition:- Reduction in a persons capacity to fulfill a social role as a consequence an impairment, inadequate training for the role or other circumstances. Applied to children, the term usually refer to the presence of an impairment on other circumstances that are likely to interfere with normal growth & development or with the capacity to learn.

1980 who classified as

Impairment:- any loss a abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or functions.

Disability:- Any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of the ability to perform an activity in a manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.

Handicapp:- Disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or a disability, that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex, and social and cultural practice) for that individual.

3. Predominant categories:-

1. Physical handicap (organs of the body)

2. Mental handicap (mental aspects of environment which limit the indi. Eg: Poverty) Eg: orphans, destitute

3. Social

Prevention to Handicappedness

1. Primary prevention:- Genetic counselling

· At risk approach

· Immunization

· Nutrition

· Others:-

- Health care of mothers & children throughout the pre-natal, natal & post natal period.

- avoiding infectious diseases

- X-rays & smoking

- special care of high risk women especially during labour.

- accidents prevention.

MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

IN WEST : In India & abroad

· Recognized as parts of professional SW

· 1880 lady alminan or friendly visitors

· Vested there patients to find out the health

· 1895 Sir Charles any patient who was discharged was been visited by there vision.

· In U.S.A. in 1990 it because the responsibility of the nurses to go for home visit.

In the year 1902 Dr. Amerson of John hospital, Baltimore. He is the person who appreciated, that the doctors should know the social & cultural factor of disease.

· Then deep of case work contributed more to MSW (case work & group work)

· Psychiatry was also going along with the medical aspects.

· MSW got all the recognition or they were getting involved in psychiatric problems.

· Then onwards they started formalizing role of MSW.

INDIA:-

· From ages it was in practice to help the need in India.

· Officially there is no document about the beginning of MSW.

· 1945 Indians visited foreign country – How social work is practiced there and then implemented in India.

· G.R.Banergee (grown Rani Banergee) was a lady who under food MSW in foreigns country. Here in India she combined as psychiatric & MSW is best suited for India.

· G.R.Banerjee – she is a pioneer for starting MSW in India.

· The first worker was appointed in JJ hospital Bombay in 1946.

· 2^nd 1950 in Delhi (Lady Irwin hospital)

· There is no clarity of role – problem initially in the process and even today.

Limitation of MSW

· No clear cut assignment of work to MSW

· There is no clarity of role

Functions of Medical SW

Categorized into 3

1. chronically ill

2. Disabled:- Amputed or physical disability. Eg: Diabetes, Gangrin.

3. Material help:- Greech, artificial limbs, tools or instruments are required to function normally institutional care.

Chronically ill:- Cardiac disease – medical disease

· Institutional care

What work they do:-

· Working directly with patients individual level we are looking at (professional level)

· Group work level:- Gathering the group of patients with common diagnosis telling them about their problem. How resources are identify and used effectively. Eg: Alcoholism (mental disease)

ICD -10 Alcoholism & drug dependents is a form of mental disease

ICD-10 Internal classification of dis order 10^th revision.

1. Individual work

2. group work

3. Liasion with hospital team

4. administration

5. teaching supervision & staff development

6. research.

· Hospital team:- who include the care of patient

· Administration – record keeping document

· Teaching , supervisor & staff development – PG students, who even go for placement.

· Trainee who are placed under MSW should be supervised.

· Directly a indirectly contributing to the development of staff.

· Research: actively involve in research activities incidence rate, prevalence rate, how people are utilizing the services.

PATIENTS AS A PERSON

In case work we learn many backgrounds such as education, social, cultural etc. By this we can improve a patient as a person. We can convict all info and giving treatment for the illness. By this factors we considered patient as a person.

ILLNESS BEHAVIOR:-

2 aspects we need to considered

1. That person is exempted from normal activities

2. They are given attention

Learned helplessness:- Acquired behavior

- lesser your attention.

TUBERCULOSIS

Agent:- M. Tuberculosis

Source of Infection:-

1. Human : Tubercle bacivi

2. Bovine: infected milk

3. Communicability: Patients are infective as long as they remain unheated anti microbial treatment.

HOST FACTORS:-

· Age:- affect all age, developing countries – infancy to adolasence.

Below 5 – 1 %, 15 years – 30%

Developed countries –elderly.

· Sex: males

· Heredity:- inherited resceptibility is an important risk

· Nutrition:- mal

· Immunity:- BCG vaccination

Social Factor:- Barometer of social welfare. Non- medical factors – poor quality of life, Poor housing, overcrowding population, large families.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Draplet infection generated by sputum positive patients

Coughing.

The control of tuberculosis.

Reductions of prevalence incidence of disease in the community.

WHO : TB ‘Control’ is said to be achieved when the prevalence natural infection in the age group of 0-14 years is of the order of patient (40% in India)

Control measure :- 1. Curative component

2. preventive component

Case finding

1. The case:- sputum + cases

Patient whose sputum is + tubercle bacilli

2. Target group:-

Health Education & communication

Branch of community health.

Community health – health education

Community health worker – health education.

Object of health education:- “to friends & influence people”.

Definition of HE adopted by national conference of preventive medicine

Objectives of HE

· Informing people

· Motivating people:- Important changes in human behavior

· Guiding into action – people need to encourage to judiciously and wisely utilize the health.

Health education provides cement that bind together the bricks of health program.

Approach to public health:-

1. Regularly approach:- legal approach laws & regulation.

Food adult ration Act

Epidemic disease act.

2. Service approach:- Health facilities needed by the community is the hope that people would use them to improve their health services approach failed because it was not felt need of the people.

3. Education approach:- motivation, communication, DM problem can be sloved by education:- nutrition. Child care, personal hygiene, F.P.

Used widely today

-indi & family approach

- small group approach

- mass group.

Adoption of new ideas:-

Various stages:

1. awareness

2. interest

3. evaluation

4. Trail

5. adoption

Contents of HE

1. Human biology

2. Nutrition

3. Hygiene: Personal & Environment

4. Family health care

5. Control of communicable and non-form diseases

6. Mental health

7. Prevention of accidents

8. Use of health service.

Principle of Health Education

HE beings together the art & science of medicine & principle & practice of general education. Learning & teaching inculcation .

1. interest – take care of your health

2. participation group

3. known to unknown

4. comprehension

5. Re-inforcement

6. motivation

7. learning by doing – if a hear / forget

8. soil sed & soner

COMMUNICATION IN H.E.

Education is a matter of communication

Transmit info from one person to another.

Elements:- communication

- message

- Avidence - consumer of management

- Channels of communication – medicine teaching process two way communication.

Barrier of communication

- physiology

- psychological

- environment

- cultural

Audio visual aids

1. auditory aids

2. visual aids

3. combined AV Aids – interest conceptual the continuing though.

Proctice of Heat education

Individaul & family HE

1. Group H.E.

2. Education to general public

Planning & Evaluation

1. establishment of objectives

2. collection of inform about the problem

3. collection of inform about country

4. drop and implementation of plan

5. evaluation

Hypertention

A systolic pressure equal or more than 160 Hg.

A diastolic pressure equal or more than 95mm hg

Mild HPK is adults is defined as diastolic pressure persistent between 90 and 105 mg.

3 scores

· observer error

· instrumental error

· subject error

Classification:

· primary or essential:- men causes are known

· secondary – some other disease process on abnormality is know

1. whole community

2. normotensive

3. Hypertensive subject

4. Unrecognized HPt

5. diagram HPT

6. Diagnox but unhealed

7. diagnose & treated.

8. Inadequately

9. ad quality treated

Incidence :- control before if happens screening population.

Treatment:- aim is to bring BP below 140/90, normal 120/80

BP over treated reduces the incidence of stock & other complications.

3. Patient compliance:- The extent to which the patient behavior coincidence with clinical prescription can be improved by education to indi, family, country.

REHABILITATION

“The physical and mental restoration as far as possible of all treated patients to normal activity, so that they may be able to resume them place in the home, society and industry.

Transformation

1. VD – STD³

2. 5 types – Gyphiles, cancroids, cymphogramloma, venerum, donor anon

3. Important is given not only to specific disease but also clinical second generation STD’s – recently

Classification of STD’s agents

1. Bacterial agents

2. viral agents

3. protozoal agents

4. fungal agents

5. ectoparasite

Agent factors:- 20 pathogens

Host factors:-

- Age – 20-24 years, 25-29, 15-19. mobidity foetal development & neonatal

- Sex – Men higher – mobidity – women infections.

- Marital factors:- higher among single, divorced, separated than married couples.

- Socio –economic status:- low row econo.

Demographic factors

· Migration

· Young population

· Education opportunity delay message

· Population explosion

Social factors

1. Prostitution:- reservoirs of infection professional prosti – good time

2. Broken house:-

3. Sexual disharmony:-

4. Easy money

5. Emotional

6. Urbanization & Industry

7. Social disruphon

8. Changing behavior pattern

9. Social stigma

10. Alchoholic

11. International travel.

Complication

· Complication in pregnancy

· Complication in infants

· Others

Control of STD’s

· Initial planning

· Intervention strategies

· Support component

· Monitoring & evaluation

AIDS

Slim disease – Fatal illness caused by a reteovieus known as HIV breaks down body immune system living the victers vulnerable to life time. Once HIV effected will be infected for life. AIDS – last stage of HIV infection. Modern pandemic – industrated & develop.

World.

34-46 million living with AIDs / HIV 20 million died & 20 million children infected

Africa 2/3^rd of world living population with aids.

· Unprotected sexual route

· Penalties sex between men.

· Injecting drugs

· Blood transfusion eyeless

Globally 20 – 40years mortality women tend to die early than man.

Tuberculosis, bacteria, malaria – interaction

India

· High risk group (CSW, homosexual men, drug users)

· Bridge population

· STD patients

· Migrant population

· General population

Epidemiological features:

Agent: Human T-cell gymphotropic verses III (HTLV – III)

HIV – new none

b. Rexuian of infection:-

Source of infection:- Blood, semen.

Host factors 20 – 4g

Sex – homosexual on bisexual me highest group :- homosexual

Drug abuses

Transfusion

Modern of transmission

1. serval transmission

2. blood contact

3. maternal – foetal treatment

Accidents

“unexpected unplanned accidence which may involve energy”

“Unprenediated event resulting is recognizable damage” WHO.

Measurement

· Mortality

· Morbidity – serious on right injuries

· Disability – temporary pam, partial, total

Problem:-

Road traffic, poisoning fall, fire, self infected, violence, war.

Types:-1. Road traffic accidents

2. Domestic accidents

3. industrial accidents

4. Railway accidents

5. Violence

Factors

Human factor:- age, sex, education, medical condition, fatigue, psychrocial falk, lack of body protection.

Environment factor:- relating to road, relating to vehicle, bad weather

Prevention measures

1. Data collection

2. safety education

3. safety measures

4. Alchohol & other drugs

5. primary care

6. enforcement of law

7. rehabilitation service

8. accident

National Health Policy – 2002

Ministry of Health & F.W. Government of India. NHP – 1983. Health for all 2000. Reviced – 2002 NHP.

Objective achieve an acceptable standard of good health amongst the general population of the community equitable access to health services.

NHP has laid goods to achieved 2005, 07, 10, 15.

Health planning in India.

National socio – economic planning Bhore committee . Alma ata declaration on PH care & NHP of the government – direction to health

Planning commission

- assessment of the maternal, capital & A.R.

- draft development plan.

NHP

Investment on man & health

Constitution:- elimination of poverty, ignorance, ill health directs to raise the level of nutrition, standard of housing of people, public.

NHP 2 important targets

- to achieve before the turn of the 20^th century

+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه هفتم اردیبهشت ۱۳۸۸ ساعت 12:36 توسط محمد رضا ايرواني |

EVALUATION

1. What do you intended to get exposed during field work programme 03^rd sem.]?

2. State the nature of field work which you have carried out?

3. Is there is any variation in question number 1 and 2 state the reasons.

4. State quality of field work guidance that you have received from us faculty supervisor and agency supervisor.

5. How do you rate your performance in the field work performance [guide, more explosive, qualitative]

6. Were you regular in attending the field work?

a) How many field visit you have made?

b) How many field visit you have missed?

c) How regular you were in submitting your records

a) Very regular b) regular c) not regular

7. How many IC were conducted?

8. How many IC you have missed to attend

9. Any other information you would like to furnish.

Judism

In the sacred book of jews experience to Adam and Eve refers to –

“Be fruitful multiply and replenish (to fill completely) the earth.”

It is true of jews even now considering the small number of their followers.

3) Christianity

Commands maximum number of followers. As a general rule, marriage is blessed by the parents.

4) Islam

- The most populationistic

- It prescribes poloygamy and also encourages procreation

- The idea of marriage is procreation

- It is opined that a densely settled population helped to achieve more division of labour. More utilization of resources and ensured military and pot security.

The Muslim tradition recommends marriage with 4 at one time and the fifth could always be married by divorcing one of the 4 at short notice.

Theories of Population: 3 categories

1) Pre-Malthusian theory

This period is calculated from the beginning of 16^th century to the end of 18^th century.

It uses a period of rapid thinking in all aspects of human life.

The Merchalist School

The size of the population was considered as an asset from the point of view of war, supply of labor, and vitalization of national resources.

The general opinion favored increased birth rate. The increase in birth rate is to be gained by …

a) Procreation

b) Placing various desirability’s on celibates

- Encouraging marriage directly

- Encouraging fertility

- Making punishment for illegitimate births

- Less severe/abolishing punishment

- Encouraging immigration and preventing immigration

Large population is regarded as a source of strength.

2) The Physiocratic school:

The school considered land as the source of all wealth.

It did not favor population increase at the cost of standard of living.

It approved only such use which may be useful to expand agricultural production.

A large population may be desirable only if it could be computably maintained. Agriculture must be encouraged to feed large population desirable for the state.

3) The beginning of the Malthusian theory:

During the period it was more and more realized that population increases more rapidly than food supply. The earlier optimism was gradually replaced by a pessimistic view.

Malthus Theory of population

The most important theory in the history of demography was presented by Thomas Robert Malthus [1765-1834].

His famous essay on population: An essay on the principle of population as it affects the future improvement of society with remarks on the speculation on Godwin MJ condor set and others. This essay was published amorously.

It became one of the most controversial books of modern times – brought both honor and criticism to the author. The book is a landmark in the history of population considered as the base year for the study of population.

Views of MJA Condorcet

Views are optimistic. All inequalities of health of education of opportunity world soon disappear. All well speak the same longer age – all disease would be.

View of Godwin

Presented a Ulopian (imagination), ideal of perfect society. “There will be no war, no admission of justice and no govt.” No disease, melancholy.

Challenges by Malthus

The utopian theories was challenged by Malthus. He pointed out that the tendency of the population to grow faster than the means of subsistence gradually leads to human miscry and create impediments in the path of progress.

He laid more emphasis on criticism of the poor laws.

Theme of Malthus

His assay starts with the two postulates:

a) Food is necessary to the existence of man

b) Passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state

Assuming the above postulates as granted that the power of population is definitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for men. Population, when unchecked increase in a geometrical ratio, subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 66, 128, 256,

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

The following proportion put-forth by Malthus to establish his theory.

a) Population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence

b) Population invariably increases where the means of subsistence increase unless prevented by some powerful and obvious checks

Checks

Preventive checks to population

Epidemics, wars, Femines (Malthus suggested moral restraints/abstinence from marriage)

Positive checks: Unwholesome occupation – severe labour and exposure to seasons had and insufficient food and clothing arising out of poverty – bad nursing of children.

Malthus suggested moral restraints as the best preventive check:

He described abstinence from marriage, either for a time, or permanently. This is the only mode of keeping population on a level with the means of subsistence.

Evaluation of Malthus theory:

· It was a landmark in the history of population which divided the history into 2 pounds before and after it.

· Though some of the ideas were known earlier, Malthus presented then in a larger frame work.

· His style of writing was polished and authoritative with a philosophical touch.

· He never claimed originality

· The success of Malthus may be a attributed and the opportune circumstances and the pol-climate prevailing in his time

· The intellectuals of his time supposed his theory. His Economic message welcomed. His doctrines were convenient to the rulers, who were always afraid of the growing poverty.

Criticism against Malthus

a) Rate of progression of population never proved

b) Theory Growth of means not proved

c) Poor classification of checks

d) Not anticipated agriculture revolution and has given undue emphasis on land shortage

e) Malthus painted a too gloomy picture of the future growth of population

f) Underestimation of industrial growth

g) The religious belief of Malthus prevented him from understanding the possibility of the wide spread use of contraceptives

h) According to many Malthus did not make any significant contribution to social thought

Value of the theory

In spite of criticism, it is mentioned that though not empirically valid Malthusian theory was theoretically significant. His name occupies an important place in the history of population thought.

The national population policy 2000 and the national health policy 2002 relate to the prevention and control of communicable diseases. Giving priority to the containment of HIV/AIDS major preventable diseases.

Now it is target free people centered.

Achievements

· Life expectancy – 64.6

· Birth rate – 26.1

· Death rate – 8.7

· IMR – 70

· Govt. advocates two-child norm for all

· Some political parties called for a national debate on the population growth and also mouthed a 2 child norm.

· The country is supposed to stabilize its population growth rate by 2026.

· No communal color be given to population to the issue. The countries population is growing alarmingly. This itself is a matter of great concern.

2001 Population of Karnataka: 5,28,50,562

Population Education

It is an educational programme which provides for a study of the population situation in the community, nation and the world with the purpose of developing in the student’s rational and responsible attitudes and behavior toward that situation. The context of population education programme is influenced by the specific national situation as well as by pot and educational goals.

In Indian contest, the concept of population education is designed to bring home to the students, both at school and university level, the consequences of uncontrolled population growth, the benefits of a small family norm, the economics, sociology and statistics of population, its distribution and its relation to the levels of living.

Highlights of population policy:

1. There is no amount of compulsion for couples to undergo F.P.

2. To promote 2 child norm through all available mass media

3. To improve the allocation of budget including FP

4. Total coverage of immunization

5. To promote the work of NGO in F. Planning

6. To link family P. program with poverty alleviation programme and experimental generation activities.

7. To promote female literacy

8. We need women volunteer part of SHGs

9. promote research on reproductive biology and contraceptive technology

10. Increasing literacy amount on female education

11. Main emphasis on mother & child immunization

Family Planning education

Purpose of F.P. is to sensitive to general public specially youngsters abut FP and importance.

· It cover history of F.P. in India

· The only of F.P. Mother and child health, something much more than limitation children

· Limitation of F P

· Where these facilities are available

· The incentives, the benefits of F.P. individually family, national and international level.

· Education can be given face to face level or gp level

· General education – use of mass media including newspaper

Sex Education

S.E. is provided in primary education. Problem is whom, what to teach, person to teach the subject usually S.E. become science education only science teacher only. Biology structure, anatomy, physiology of the body these are covered in sex education. Normal biological function is sex education is covered in the education unfortunately not given importance.

Purpose is to make them develop right sense of attitude towards sex.

· S.E. is important taught in primary school level

· S.E. physiology and anatomy primary

· Problem who, how much, what has to taught

· It is taught by female primary teacher’s only but defunctly not sex education

· We want that people have correct sense of sex education

Family life education

It is a very broader area. Purpose is to have healthy and a happy family. F is a foundation of people. A person who away from family he suffers a lot because we get socializes by the family. In F. L. education we give education or emphasis on

· Family economics – how to spend the money

· Wife and husband as parents and marital pasting

· Care of children – how to take care

· Sex education

· Occasional counseling &

· Family Planning services

· Premarital, counseling, marital counseling, care of the elderly and disabled.

· 1994 International family was observed in India

Vital important statistics

The birth rate, death, marriage, migration infant mortality rate. The most important statistics the structure, composition on statistics. We have different formal for each one. All are important demographic part of view. All are calculated in terms of 1000 only. All these indicate present point of population.

Population and Environment

1) The environment of all countries was deteriorating at a rapid rate and the threat of an ecological disaster is more real today. Every government place environmental issues on the top of agenda.

2) Owing to increasing population pressure and growing consumerism the demand on environmental resources is fast outstripping.

3) Environmental problems are translational and transgenerational in character and trandisciplinary holistic approach.

4) All the major rivers are polluted and are being freely left as sewers.

5) Air in almost all urban industrial complexes is unfit for breathing.

6) Dust load in Indian cities is the highest in the world. Pesticides residues specially DDT in the body tissues of Indian almost highest in the world.

7) The problems of the developing countries are due to a fast growing population demanding its essential needs to survive. The problems of developed countries are due to their efforts to preserve a high standard of life. The environmental situation in India reflects problems viz., growing population, the shrinking forests, the evading soil, the polluted rivers and the threat from hazardous substances.

8) The world of environmental forestry knows no distinction, the trees never quarrel. They live in happy, harmony, free of jealousy and envy. Man has invaded them from times immemorial and the trees never retaliated by attacking man. Nature never deceives us, the rocks, the mountains the streams always speak the same languages.

9) The objective of sustainable development can be achieved only through a better understanding of the environmental problems and achieve public participation.

10) There is no doubt that there has been substantial environmental degradation in recent times.

11) Humanity is not the master of environment, because he has not created the environment and does not even know get enough about environment and his closed interdependence upon it; otherwise man would have not ended up with so many environmental problems which have resulted by his interaction with the environmental.

12) Degradation of environmental throughout the world may be ascribed to the need of the poor, the greed of the rich and environmental inappropriateness of the technologies we employ in various sector.

13) At the beginning of the industrial revolution only about 3 out of 100 lived in urban areas. Today 40% of population lives in urban areas.

14) The rapid growth of population neutralizes the gains of economic development.

15) Environment and development are the two sides of the same coin. To meet the increasing demand of growing population, man exploited nature using his superior intellect.

16) Our country suffers from almost all kinds of pollution – water, soil, air, land, noise and even radiation also.

17) Inter of multi disciplinary approach (in university) has become an essential pre-requisite to deal with environmental problems

18) Already India is twice as densely populated as China putting heavy, pressure on the environment, infrastructure and basic services.

Providing basic human needs for a such a large population will continue to remain a major task.

There is chronic shortage of safe drinking water both in rural and urban areas.

About 20% of urban & 50% of rural population is still to be provided with safe drinking water.

19) One cannot do without industrial and agricultural development, on account of our growing need for food, shelter, clothing, health and for a better standard of living. It is vital to bring about a reconciliation between development and conservation of environmental and ecology. It has been rightly said, that we must promote “development without destruction.”

20) We cannot solve environmental crisis without solving the resulting social crisis.

21) We have international co-operation in matters relating to human environment.

22) Apart from shrinking of the resource base, population pressure affects the quality of air, water and soil. Pollution of air, soil and water is growing throughout the length and breadth of the country

23) 50% of the population of Bombay residing in slums that are growing much more rapidly much more rapidly than the city as a whole.

In the slum in Bombay the biggest slum in Asia, shelters nearly 3.5 lakhs of people.

More than ¾ of the total families in Bombay live in one room with 5.26 persons.

In Bombay for every 468 persons only one toilet is available.

Incidence of morbidity and mortality due to environmental pollution is reported to be increasing in Bombay

24) Betterment of environment is the responsibility of all. (Govt. & everyone)

Population and Environment

Demography refers to scientific study of human population what are the D. variables which changes size, composition, distribution of population, how big it is – 102 cases refers to number male-female, urban-rural, diversity of people on the basis of gender. Where they are founder it is population spread over different places. The density of population is more than in rural.

Density: Number of people living in square and normally people stay in river belt is the most preferred area by people.

D. the size, C & D of population and these 3 are decided by 5 variables called D variables.

1. Fertility or birth

2. Mortality – death

3. Marriage

4. S. mobility

5. Migration

Which will again influence of 3 only S are important F. Mo. Mi. In these 3, 2 are important, in migration and out migration the population always same that will not change population. If both is more population increasing if death rate population increasing.

International migration and international migration

Migration means moves from India to other country or boundry is called migration. One territory to another territory or permanent change of residence. Floating population staying 3 or 4 months.

Birth rate is 9 per 1000. 9/1000 B.R. in the is very high. The under gap b/w BR & DR is called growth rate. Population in 1.9% per annum is much more than 2%. Earlier 2.3% the population cross 6 billion. The capacity of earth 8 billion, China is able to reduce. In terms of size, it much bigger than India.

Absolute Poverty

Relative property: When once you study poor, after you get job become rich. Your poor time being, resources become scandy.

Democratic people, graphy study of population. Its focus is on 3 factors

a) Changes in the population size: how big it is it may be growth or decline

b) Composition of population

c) Distribution of population where these are found

5 Variables

1) Decides fertility – birth

2) Decides death very high size of population comes down. It girls population high report for insurance report. There is difference between male and female. In a definite area how many deaths taken place.

3) When more people married at early age increase the population and poor people married early.

4) Movement of people on an order, poor man becoming a rich man. Poverty is always dynamic

(Social insurance – contributory) assistance

All the 5 are in always operation only

Population related to health more people and less benefits

Housing may be problem for health for ventilation and accommodation. More population means more problem on health.

Indian not able to provide welfare action for people, no one is paying the tax, whatever burden is there poor are affected. The middle class are affected.

And the economy also affected its because of size of population and unproduction population only 15% only production. With regard to female male contributory more children – 35% are unproductive.

Sources of demographic status in India

1) Population census – Male / F, education, eco. Status, religion

2) National sample survey

3) Registration of vital events – births and death and notifiable diseases marriages, cholera, plague, HIV

Demographic cycle

The history of world population since 1950 suggests that there is a demographic cycle of 5 stages thro’ which a nation passes.

First stage (Stationary)

Characterized by high birth rate and high death rate (India was in this stage till 1920) no growth of population.

Second stage (early expanding)

Death rate begins to decline – but birth rate remains unchanged, because of improved health conditions better standard of living.

Third stage (late expanding)

The death rate declines still further and birth rate tends to fall. The population continue to grow because birth exceed deaths, India is in the phase now.

Fourth stage

Low stationary characterized by low birth rate and low death rate fertility rate is very high. Population severe in less developed countries.

With the result that the population becomes stationary, zero growth has been recorded in Australia 20 years back growth rate is very less in U.K. Denmark, Sweden, Belgium. Many industrialized nations have shifted (moved) from high birth rate, high death to low birth, low death rate.

Fifth stage (Declining) The population begins to decline of B.R. is lower than the D.R. Germany & Hungry are experiencing this stage.

Trends of population: At the beginning of the Christian era (nearly 2000 years ago) world population has estimated to be around 250 million.

Later estimation

Year	Population million	Average annual growth rate %
1750	791	-
1800	978	0.4
1850	1262	0.6
1900	1650	1.1
1950	2526	1.79
1960	3037	1.92
1970	3696	1.89
1975	4066	1.89
1980	4432	1.72
1987	5000	1.63
1991	5385	1.7
1996	5789	1.7
2003	6300	1.3

2050 (estimated crossing of 8 billion)

1) World’s population cross 6 billion,

2) Presently China is 1^st

3) By 2050 India will become 1^st

4) Where poverty is there population also grow

The world population became one billion after many thousands of year 1800 A.D.

2 billion in 130 year (1930)

3 billion in 30 year (1960)

4 billion in 15 year (1974)

5 billion in 12 year (1987)

July 1987 is the day of 5 billion

World’s largest countries in 2003 in million 2050

China 1289 India 1628

India 1069 China 1394

USA 292 USA 422

Indonesia 220, Pakistan 349

Today 97% world’s population growth is in developing (less developed countries)

2003 total fertility rate is more developed countries – 1.5

Total fertility rate in less developed countries 3.1

Developing countries now add 8 crores per year to the world’s population (Africa, Asia and Latin America)

World population data upto 2003

	Population	Birth rate	Death rate	Rate of natural increase (%)
World	6314	22	9	1.3
More developed	1202	24	8	0.1
Less developed	5823	28	9	1.6
India	19068.6	25	8	1.7

2003 World population

	2025	2050	IMR	Total fertility	Rate	% of population
World	7907	9198	55	2.8	30	7
More developed	1260	1257	7	1.5	18	15
Less developed	6647	7940	61	3.1	33	5
Asia	4776	5353	54	2.6	30	6
Europe	722	664	8	1.4	17	15
Ocean	42	50	25	2.4	25	10
India	1363	1628	66	3.1	36	4

Average number of children born to a women during her life time

2003 world population

	Total	Male	Female	% of urban Popn.	% of popn 15-49 yrs with HIV India of 2001	% of married women of 15-49 using contraception
	Total	Male	Female	% of urban Popn.	% of popn 15-49 yrs with HIV India of 2001	All methods	Modern methods
World	67	65	69	47	1.2	59	53
More D.	76	72	79	75	0.4	68	57
L.D.	65	63	66	40	1.4	57	52
L.D.	63	61	64	41	1.9	48	40
Asia	67	66	69	38	0.4	63	57
Europe	74	70	78	73	0.4	67	51
Ocean	75	72	77	69	0.2	60	57
India	63	62	64	28	0.8	48	43

2002 Population of world

	Area of countries in sq.m.	Population per Sq.m	Projected pop. Change 2003-2050
World	517896101	122	46
M.D.	19814584	61	5
L.D.	31975017	160	55
Ex. China	28278917	135	71
Asia	12262691	312	40
Europe	8875867	82	-9
Ocean	3306741	10	56
India	1269340	842	52

Countries: 205 countries

Africa: a) Northern Africa (2 countries)

b) Western Africa (16 countries)

c) Eastern Africa (19 countries)

d) Middle Africa (9 countries)

e) South Africa (5 countries)

56 countries

North America – Canada & U.S.

Latin America & Caribbean – Central America (8 countries)

Carribbean (17 countries)

South (13 countries)

Asia – Western Asia – 18 countries

South Central Asia 14 countries including India

South East Asia 11 countries

East Asia 8 countries including China

Europe – Northern Europe – 11 countries include UK

Western Europe – 9 countries

Eastern Europe – 10

Southern Europe – 13

Ocean – 17 countries. Total 205 countries

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Summary: 82% of world’s population is living in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, India has the second largest population in the world.

Birth & Death rate: The world’s B.R. fell below – 30 for the first time around 1975 has declined to 27.3 during 1980-85 has further declined to 22 during 2003.

Outstanding examples are Singapore and China

Reasons: change in the attitude of government towards growth

The spread of education

Increased availability of contraception

Extension of services offered thro family planning program

Marked change in the marriage pattern

Growth rate: When crue death rate is substrate from the crued birth rate, the net residual is the current annual growth rate, exclusive of migration.

Relation between growth rate 4 population

Rate	Annual rate of growth %	No. of yrs required for popn. To double in size
Stationary Popn.	No growth
Slow growth	Less than 0.5	More than 139
Moderate growth	0.5 to 1.0	139 – 70
Rapid growth	1.0 to 1.5	70 – 49
Very rapid	1.5 to 2.0	47 – 35
Explosive	2.0 to 2.5	35 – 28
	2.5 to 3.0	28 – 23
	3.0 to 3.5	23 – 20
	3.5 to 4.0	20 – 18

Population growth rates like railway trains are subject to momentum. They start slowly and gain momentum. Once in motion, it takes time to bring the momentum under control.

· The growth rate is not uniform in the world.

· There are countries (European countries and North America) where the growth rate is less than 0.5% per year

· Approximately 95% of the growth is occurring in developing countries (less developed)

· World population is most likely to near 9 billion in 2050 and reaching 20.7 billion and century later

· World population is growth at 176 per minute, 10,564 per hour, 2,53,542 per day, 9,25,42,000 year

· The rampant population growth has been viewed as the greatest obstacle to the economic and social advancement of the majority of people in the developing world.

Characteristics of India’s population

A) Age: is like a pyramid with broad base and tapering top (large base of children and small base of elderly) < 15 years – 36%, > 65 years – 4%

B) Sex: Sex ratio is defined as the number of female per 100 male

· The sex ratio in India has been generally adverse to women that is the number of women per 1000 men has been less than 1000.

· Apart from being adverse to women, the sex ratio has been declined over the decades. 1901 – 972 : 1000, 1991 – 9.27:1000

· Kerala is the only state with a sex ratio favorable to female (1030 for 1000 per male)

Density of population: the number of persons living in per square mile. 842/square mile

Family size

Fertility rate refers to the average number of children born to a woman during her life time.

The family size depends are:

· Duration of married life

· Education of couple

· The number of line births

· Living children

· Preference of male children

· Desired family size

Urbanization: Growing urbanization is a recent phenomenon in developing countries

Urban population: 1901 – 10.84%

1981 – 23.34%, 1991 – 25.72%, 2003 - 28%

Reasons: Natural growth (through birth)

Migration from village – PUSH and PULL factor

Migration effects the quality of life of people

Vitality – Number of children a woman have during reproductive span of life.

Literacy: A person is deemed as literate if he/she can read and write with understanding in any language.

The literacy rate has increase during the decade 1981-91 crossing the 5% mark. Still literacy level is very low among female. The literacy rate have certainly improved but the total number of illiterates has continued to increase.

Life expectancy in India: at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country.

It is the best indicator of a country’s level of development and of the overall health status of its population.

	Male	Female
1901	23.63	23.96 yrs
1993	60	61 yrs
2003	62	64 yrs

Process

1. Fertility

* By F we mean actual bearing of children.

* A women’s reproductive is roughly from 15 to 45 years of 30 years

A woman married at 15 & living till 45 with her husband is exposed to the risk of pregnancy of 30 years and may give birth to 15 child – but this maximum is rarely achieved.

Studies indicate that an average woman gives birth to an average of six to seven children in her married life is not interrupted.

Factors influencing fertility

High F in India is attributed to monarchy starting status of mouth.

Sub countries in most village, state district H, taluk , sub centre is to see that all people are covered by PHCs. Preventive, primitive and therapeutic services at every PHC is managed by 2 workers for general and family planning provide door step. Para medical care, 98% can be cured in PHCs. Doctor will provide complete health care, education H at taluk level PHCs in India novel concept in 1945 prior to independence, comprehensive more and more treatment centres.

· Implementation of National health (NHP) programmes: blindness, TB, Cancer and major problems, NHP sponsored by Central Govt. funds only.

· Improvement in the food supply: Grow free crops food production increased a rendition brought with use of modern method and pesticides

· International aid in several ways: ICDS program by UNICEF, WHO provides finance to HIV, AIDS from UNESCO, World Bank, foreword provided for health.

· Development of social conscious among people: very careful preserving health. They have awareness about primary level itself. Periodical health check up to the students, basic about health everybody knows.

Further decline in M rate not possible in the near future. Enemy to India is birth rate, we almost reached accurate in M rate.

Other issues like

· Environment sanitation and nutrition major problems in India

· Communicable disease like cancer, diabetes, HIV need to avoid

a) Universality of marriage

b) Low age of marriage

c) Duration of married life

10-25% of birth occur within 1-5 years of married life

50-55 eyras of birth within 5-15 years

Birth after 25 years of married life and very few

d) Spacing of children

e) Low level of literacy

f) Poor level of living – economic status – eco. Devt. Of the best contraceptive

g) Caste & Religion: Rural & Urban

h) Nutrition: all well feed societies have low fertility and poorly fed societies have high fertility.

* The effect of nutrition on fertility is largely indirect

i) Use of contraceptive : an important factor in fertility reduction

j) Place of women in society: value of children

* Widow remarriage

* Breast feeding practice

* Urbanisation & industrialization

* Customs and beliefs

* Better health condition

* Tradition way of life

2) Mortality: refers to death presently 9.5 per 1000 able to achieve much progress on par with developed countries.

Reasons for declining M. rate in India

· Absence of natural calamity: floods, cyclone, epidemics, tsunami

· Mass control of diseases; able to eradicate small pox, leprosy, cholera, plague, malaria

· Advances in medical sciences: using pesticides, antibiotics, insecticides, chemotherapeutics

· Better health care facilities: Primary health care

Bhore Committee introduced in India 1^st, estd. Of PHCs to cattle the needs of people all over India.

Migration

Migration is not important factor. Those who meet out and in it will effect structure, composition.

· M is the 3^rd component of population change the other2 being fertility and mortality.

· F & M are biological variables and M is affected to a great extent on the wishes of people, except in few cases. M is not a major variable. M is 2 factor push and pull factors. Factor which will drive the people move off. Push of drought, pull factor refers to attraction urban fm rural in migration and out M. M means is one of the few terms which denote different meanings to different people. M is a form of geographical mobility between one geographical unit and another, generally involving a change in the residence from the place of origin to the place of destination. It is a permanent M.

Immigration and emigration

Indians setting in Vs.(or immigrants to U.S. and emigrants from India) permanently is immigrants.

Migratory movements are a product of social, cultural, economic, pollution or physical circumstances in which industrial and societies find themselves.

Sources of data

Main source regard M is census definite question in performa.

Survey and population registers note down place of birth and residence.

Questions to be asked for measuring M

· Place of birth, duration of residence, place of last residence, place of residence at a fixed prayer date.

· Marriage: Many M are not registered, now it is compulsory. Advantages b Supreme Court, definitely improve the status of women and can avoid child marriage, marriage appear population like child marriage not directly, indirectly.

· Social mobility: Movement of people forms one status to another status: ex low to high. It will only effect the quality of population. It will not affect population

Family Planning

FP is making great progress during the past several decades we have moved ahead in many ways.

a) Family planning is now seen as a human right basic to human dignity people and government around the world understand this.

b) Early everyone now knows about family P most people also know of some F.P. methods

c) E.P. has community support, people expect that most others in their practice F.P. and they approve

d) Most people use FP. At any one time, more than half of the world married couple are FP users.

e) FP providers offer more choices to more people, people can use FP more effectively and more safely.

g) Couples now can choose from more methods. These include injectables, implants, female and male sterilization, oral contraception, condoms, various spermicides

h) We have learned that almost everyone can use modern FP methods safely

For most methods, most clients do not require physical examination or lab test.

i) We have discovered important health benefits of some FP methods, besides preventing unintended pregnancies. Ex: combined oral contraceptives help stop anemia help prevent several types of cancer.

j) Condoms help prevent STD and other infections, especially when used every time.

k) Many different types of the people now provide F>p. supplies services and information.

l) We are doing a better job telling people about F.P. and helping then make reproductive health decisions. We are helping to make informed choices. We do this in face to face discussions and counseling thro’ radio, TV and newspapers and in community events.

m) We are making it easy for people tog et FP and other reproductive health care. We are removing unnecessary barriers of all kind. The barriers includes lack of information, not enough service points, limited hours, few methods not enough suppliers.

Family planning: FP is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family and this contribute effectively to the social development of a country (WHO definition)

Another expert GP of WHO defined and described FP as

FP refers to practices that help indicts or couples to attain certain objection.

Basic human right

The U.N. recognized long ago that FP is a basic human right. The plan action is that all couples and individuals have the BHR to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information, education and means to do.

The world conference of the International Women’s year in 1975 also declared the right of the women to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children to have access to the information and means to enable them to exercise that right.

During the past few decades, F.P. has emerged from whispers in private quarters to the focus of international concern as a basic human right and a component of family health and s. welfare.

F.P. helps everyone

FP provides can be proved of their because FP helps everyone. There are some of the ways.

Women: FP helps women protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies.

Many women lives have been saved from high risk pregnancies or unsafe.

Many FP methods have other health benefits for some hormonal helps prevent certain cancers and condom women space births.

MEN: FP helps men & women care for their families. Men around the world say that planning their families helps them to provide a better life for their families.

Families: FP improves family well being. Couples wish fever children are better able to provide them with enough food, clothing, housing and schooling.

Nations: FP helps nations develop

In countries where women are having far fewer children than their mothers did peoples economic situations are improving faster than in most other countries.

The Earth of couples have fewer children in the future, the world’s current population of 6 billion people will avoid doubling in less than 50 years. Future demands on natural resources such as water and fertile soil will be less. Everyone will have a better opportunity for a good life.

CHINA’s Experiment

· China implemented its one child policy in 1979

· One child norm lead to children never learned to share

· They were called SHANGAI little emperors and nobody ever said no to them

· 20-30 yrs of propaganda has yielded results. But will these children have 2 or 3 kids or no kids at all?

Scope of FP services

· FP is not synonymous with birth control. It is more than mere birth control.

· A WHO expert committee has stated that f includes

a) The proper spacing and limitation of births

b) Advice on sterility

c) Education on parenthood

d) Screening of pathological conditions related to reproductive system

e) Sex education

f) Genetic counseling

g) Premarital consultation and examination

h) Carrying out pregnancy test

i) Marriage counseling

j) Preparation of the couples for the arrival of their 1^st child

k) Providing services for unmarried mothers

l) Teaching home economics & nutrition

m) Providing adoption services

These activities vary from country to country according to national objections and policies with regard to family planning. The above is the modern concept of FP.

Family planning services: FP is associated with numerous misconceptions

Misconceptions: 1) FP means sterilization

2) FP means birth control

Family is reorganized as ‘welfare’ and is basically related to quality of life

The term FP is renamed as family welfare

Small Family norms: Small differences in the family size will make big differences in the birth rate. The differences of only one child per family over a decade will have a tremendous impact on the population growth.

The objective of F welfare program is that people should adopt the small family norm to stabilize the population symbolized by the inverted red-triangle, the program initially adopted the model of the 3-child family.

In the 1970s, the slogan was Do Va Teen Bs

In the 1980s the campaign advocated the 2-child norm

Genetic disorder this from parents

Genetic pre-disposition problem comes if parents has diabetes chance

The current emphasis is on 3 themes

Sons or daughters: two will do

Second child after 3 years

Universal Immunization

All efforts are being made through mass communication that the concept of small family norm is accepted, adopted and woven into life style of the people.

Eligible couples: this refers to currently married couples wherein the wife is in the reproductive age, which is generally assumed to the between the ages of 15 & 45.

Target couples: In order to pin point the couples who are a priority within the broad definition of eligible couples. The term target couple was coined the term target couple was applied to couple who have had 2-3 living children and family planning was largely directed to such couples.

The definition has been gradually enlarged to include families with one child or even newly married couples. With a view to develop acceptance of the idea of FP from the earliest possible stage.

The term has lack its original meaning and not preferred

Counseling: C is crucial

Through C providers help client market is carried out their own choices about reproductive health and FP

Good C makes clients more satisfied. Good counseling also helps clients use family planning longer and FP men prosperity, well being more successfully.

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